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276 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the dura mater?
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is the outermost covering membrane of the spinal cord
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NAME
this is the outermsot covering membrane of the spinal cord |
dura mater
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What kind of tissue does the dura mater have?
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composed of tough fibrous and some elastic tissue
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NAME
this spinal cord membrane is composed of tought fibrous and some elastic tissue |
dura mater
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The dura mater forms the ()
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spinal dural sac
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The (1)forms the spinal dural sac
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dura mater
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What is the epidural space?
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is a space that separates the dura mater from the vertebrae
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NAME
this is a space that separates the dura mater from the vertebrae |
epidural space
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What is the arachnoid mater composed of?
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is a delicate avascular membrane composed of fibrous and elastic tissue that lines the dural sac and dural root sheaths
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NAME
this is a delicate avascular membrane composed of fibrous and elastic tissue that lines the dural sac and dural root sheath |
arachnoid mater
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in the lumbar spinal puncture, the needle traverses the (1)and (2)
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dura mater and archnoid matter
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What is the dura-arachnoid interface?
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refers to how during a lumbar spinal puncture, the need has to tranverse through the dura matar and archnoid mater
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NAME
this refers to how during a lumbar spinal puncture, the needle has to tranverse through the dura mater and the arcnoid mater |
dura-archnoid interface
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What is the subarachnoid space?
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separates the arachnoid mater from the pia mater
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NAME
this separates the arachnoid mater from the pia mater |
subarachnoid space
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What are arachnoid trabeculae?
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are delicate strands of connective tissue that span the subarachnoid space connecting the arachnoid and pia
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NAME
these are delicate strands of connective tissue that span the subarachnoid space connecting the arachnoid and pia |
arachnoid trabeculae
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What is the pia mater?
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is the innermost covering the membrane of the spinal cord
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NAME
this the innermost covering of the membrane of the spinal cord |
pia mater
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WHat does the pia mater consist of ?
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flattened cells w long equallly flattened processes that closely follow all the surface features of the spinal cord
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NAME
this membrane has flattened cells w long equallly flattened processes that closely follow all the surface features of the spinal cord |
pia mater
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What are the denticulate ligaments?
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they suspend the spinal cord in the dural sace
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NAME
these suspend the spinal cord in the dural sac |
denticulate ligaments
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What is the lumbar puncture?
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is used to obtain a sample of the CSF
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NAME
this is used to obtain a sample of the CSF |
lumbar puncture
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NAME
this contains CSF |
subarachnoid space
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The subarachnoid space contains (1)
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CSF
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What are (3)arteries that supply the spinal cord?
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(1)spinal arteries (2)meduallary arteries (3)great anterior segmental meduallry arteries
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NAME
this is supplied by three arteries: the spinal arteries, meduallary arteries, and the great anterior segemental medually arteries |
spinal cord
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Most of the body weight is (1)espically for obsese people
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anteriorly
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What are (2)major groups of the muscles in the back?
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(1)extrinsic back muscles (2)intrinsic back muscles
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NAME
there are two major groups of these: extrinsic back muscles and intrinsic back muscles |
back mauscles
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What are the extrinsic back muscles?
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include the superficial and intermediate muscles that produce and control limb and respiratory movements
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NAME
these include the superficial and intermediate muscles that produce and control limb and respiratory movements |
extrinsic back muscles
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What are the superficial extrinsic back muscles?
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they connect the upper limbs to the trunk
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NAME
these connect the upper limbs to the trunk |
superficial extrinsic back muscles
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What are the various superfical extrinsic back muscles?
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(1)trapezius (2)latissimus dorsi (3)levator scapulae(4)rhomboids
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NAME
these include trapezius, latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, and rhomboids |
superficial extrinsic back muscles
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Where do the superfical extrinsic back muscles recieve their nerve supply?
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from the anterior rami except the trapezius (2)the trapezius recieves the from the cranial nerve 11
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NAME
these back muscles get there nerve supply from the anterior rami and the trapezius recieves its nerve supply from the cranial nerve 11 |
superfical extrinsic back muscle
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Where does the trapezius recieve its nerve supply from?
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the C nerve 11
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NAME
this back muscle recieves its nerve supply from the cranial nerve 11 |
trapezius
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What are the intermediate extrinsic back muscles?
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are thin muscles commonly desginated superficial respiratory muscles
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NAME
these are thin muscles commonly desingated superficial respiratory muscles |
intermediate extrinsic back muscles
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What are the specfic types of intermediate extrinsic back muscles?
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(1)serratus posterior superior and (2)serratus posterior inferior
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NAME
these include the serratus posterior superior and serratus inferior |
intermediate extrinsic back muscles
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What are the intrinsic back muscles innervated by?
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the posterior rami
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NAME
these are inverated by the posterior rami |
intrinsic back muscles
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Deficiency of the blood supply to the spinal cord can lead to (1) and (2)
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muscle weakness and paralysis
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What is a alternative circulation pathway if the IVC is obstruacted?
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the vertebral venous plexuses
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What is the vertebral venous plexuses?
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are important bc blood may return from the plevis or abdomen through these plexuses and reach the heart via the superior vena cava
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NAME
these are important bc blood may return from the plevis or abdomen through these plexuses and reach the heart via the superior vena cava |
vertebral venous plexuses
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What are the muscles of the superficial layer of the intrinsic back muscles?
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splenius
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NAME
these include the splenius |
superficial layer of the intrinsic back muscles
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What are the intermediate layer of intrinsic back muscles?
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ES
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NAME
this is the ES |
the intermediate layer of the intrinsic back muscles
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What are the differ muscles that make up the ES? (3)
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(1)iliocastalis (2)longissimus (3)spinalis
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NAME
this is made up of the three muscles: the iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis |
ES
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What is the deep layer of the intrinsic back muscles?
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the tranverso spinal
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NAME
this is the tranverso spinal |
is the deep layer of the intrinsic back muscles
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What are the different muscles that make up the tranverso spinal?
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(1)semispinalis (2)multifidus (3)rotatores
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NAME
this is made up of three muscles: semispinalis, multifidus, and rotatores |
tranverso spinal
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What is back strain?
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refers to some streching or microscopic tearing of muscle fibers and/or ligaments of the back
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NAME
this refers to some streching or microscopic tearing of muscle fibers and/or ligaments of the back |
back strain
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What is the suboccipital region?
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is the traingular area of the back
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NAME
this is the triangular part of the back |
suboccipital region
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What are the (4)muscles that make up the suboccitpial region?
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(1)rectus captius posterior major (2)rectus capitus posterior minor (3)inferior oblique of head (4)superior oblique of the head
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NAME
this is made up of 4 muscles: rectus captius posterior major, rectus capitus posterior minor, inferior oblique of head, and superior oblique of the head |
subocciptial region
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What nerve innervtes the subocciptial region?
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the suboccitpial nerve
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What is the suboccpital nerve?
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is the posterior ramus of C1 that innervtes the subocciptial region
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NAME
this is the posterior ramus of C1 that innervtes the suboccipital region |
suboccpital nerve
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NAME
this is a common back probom that usally results from extreme movements of the vertebral column such as extension and rotation |
back strain
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What is ischemia?
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refers to lack of blood supply
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NAME
this means there is a lack of blood supply |
ischemia
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What are conventional radiographs?
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are excellent for high contrast structures such as bone
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NAME
these are excellent for high contrast structures such as bone |
conventional radiographs
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What is myelography?
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is a radiopaque contrast study that allows visulization of the spinal cord and spinal nerve roots
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nAME
this is a radiopaque contrast strudy that allows visualization of the spinal cord and spinal nerve roots |
myelography
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T or F
Herniations of the IV discs are recoginazable in CT images |
true
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What are the true muscles of the back?
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the deep muscles
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The deep muscles are the (1)muscles of the back
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true
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WHat are ALL the layers of the back in order starting from the skin?
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see chart
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WHat are ALL the layers of the back in order starting from the skin?
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see chart
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WHat are ALL the layers of the back in order starting from the skin?
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see chart
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WHat are ALL the layers of the back in order starting from the skin?
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see chart
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WHat are ALL the layers of the back in order starting from the skin?
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see chart
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The (1)back muscles are supplied by the dorsal rami
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true or deep muscles
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Where does the Trapezius muscle start?
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the head
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NAME
this superfical back muscle starts at the head |
trapezius
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The trapezius muscles attaches to all of the (1) and (2)segments
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(1)cervical (2)thoracic
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NAME
this superfical layer of extrinsic back muscles that attaches to all cervical and thoracic segments |
Trapezius
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What bone is the trapezius part of?
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the scapula
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NAME
this superfical layer of the extrinsic muscle is attached to the scapula |
trapezius
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NAME
this superfical layer of the extrinsic muscle is attached to the scapula |
trapezius
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What does the trapezius muscle look like?
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a diamond
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NAME
this superfical extrinsic muscle looks like a diamnod |
trapezius
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NAME
this superfical extrinsic muscle moves the scapula |
trapazius
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WHat bone does the trapzius move?
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the scapula
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What type of movements does the trapzius allow for? (3)
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(1)scapular elevation (2)scapular depression (3)scapular protrusion
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NAME
this muscles allows for the following type of movements: scapular elevation, scapular depression, and scapular protrusion |
trapezius
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What type of movements does the trapzius allow for? (3)
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(1)scapular elevation (2)scapular depression (3)scapular protrusion
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Protrusion is also called (1)
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protraction
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(1)is also called protraction
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protrusion
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What nerve supplies the trapezius?
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the C11
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NAME
this is supplied by the C11 |
trapezius
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Give a example of how you can use your trapezius?
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by puting your shirt over your head
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What superficial extrinsic muscle do you use when you put your shirt over your head?
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trapezius
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What is unique about the trapezius if you are right handed?
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the trapezius is lower on the right side bc you do a lot of fine motor skills w your right hand compared to your left hand
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NAME
this superficial extrinsic muscle is lower on the (if you are right handed)is lower on the right side bc you do a lot of fine motor skills w your right hand compared to your left hand |
trapezius
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What muscle is underneath the trapezius?
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the levator scapulae (2)rhomboid
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The levator scapulae and the rhomboid are underneath the (1)and (2)
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trapezius
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What does the levator scapulae do
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elevates the scapula at angle
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NAME
this elevates the scapula at an angle |
levator scapulae
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WHat do the rhomboids do?
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(1)retraction of scapula
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NAME
this muscle allows for the retraction of the scapula |
rhomboid
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The (1)is underneath the rhomboids
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ES
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the ES is underneath the (1)
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rhomboids
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What are the different rhomboids?
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(1)major (2)minor
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What is fascia?
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is a layer of deep connective tissue that divides and separates muscle groups and sometimes serves a attachment sites
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NAME
this is a deep layer of connective tissue that divides and separates muscle groups and sometimes serves as attachment sites |
fascia
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What region of the back is the Latissimus Dorsi found?
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in T and lumbar regions
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NAME
this superfical extrinsic back muscle is found in the T and lumbar regions |
Latissimus Dorsi
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NAME
this superfical extrinsic back orrginates in the pelvis bone |
Latissimus Dorsi
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The Latissimus Dorsi orginates in the (1)
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pelvic bone
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Where does the Latissimus Dorsi orginate in?
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the pelvic bone
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NAME
this insertes in the floor of the biceps tendon |
Latissimus Dorsi
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NAME
this superfical extrinsic back insertes in the floor of the biceps tendon |
Latissimus Doris
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What nerve supplies the Latissimus Dorsi?
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the thoracodorsal nerve
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NAME
this superfical extrinsic back is supplied by the thoracodorsal nerve |
Latissimus DOrsi
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What nerve supplies the Latissimus Dorsi?
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the thoracodorsal nerve
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What nerve supplies the Latissimus Dorsi?
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the thoracodorsal nerve
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What is the thoracodorsal nerve?
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is branch of the brachial plexus and supplies the Latissmi dorsi
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NAME
this is branch of the brachial plexus |
thoracodorsal nerve
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What are the different movements that the Latissimus dorsi can allow for? (5)
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(1)is the muscle you use to wipe your butt (2)medial rotation (3)abudction (4)adduction (5)extension
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What are the different movements that the Latissimus dorsi can allow for? (5)
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(1)is the muscle you use to wipe your butt (2)medial rotation (3)abudction (4)adduction (5)extension
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NAME
this muscle allows for medial rotation, abudction, adduction, and extension of your back |
Latissimi Dorsi
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What are the functions of the ES?
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posture such as (1)extension
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NAME
this is the major spine extensor |
ES
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The ES is the major (1)
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spine extensor
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NAME
this is the major spine extensor |
ES
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What is the nerve supply of the ES?
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dorsal rami
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NAME
this muscle is further divides into two muscles: the captis and the cervicis |
semispinalis
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What are the (2)division of the splenius muscle?
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(1)capitis (2)cervicis
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What are the (2)division of the splenius muscle?
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(1)capitis (2)cervicis
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What is the capitius muscle?
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refers to the head muscle
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NAME
this is the head muscle |
capitis muscle
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What is the cervicis muscle?
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refers to the neck muscle
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NAME
this refers to the neck muscle |
cervicis muscle
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What is the differ bwtn the capitis and the cervicis muscle?
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(1)capitis-is the head muscle (2)cervicis is the neck muscle
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NAME
all togther these muscle stablize the spine (4) |
all the muscles that make up the ES--(1)multifidial (2)rotatores (3)splenius (4)semispinalis
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What is the most inferior part or end of the spinal cord?
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the concus medullaris
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NAME
this is the most inferior or end of the spinal cord |
concus medullaris
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NAME
this latin for horse tail |
Cauda Equina
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What is cuada equina latin for?
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horse tail
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Where is the concus medullaris found?
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btwn L1 and L2
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NAME
this is found btwn L1 and L2 |
Concus medullaris
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NAME
DUring a spinal tap, the needle needs to be inserted inferior to this |
concus medullaris
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NAME
this root carrys motor axons |
ventral root
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What is the spinal nerve?
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is a mixed root meaning it contains both motor and sensory fibers
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NAME
this is a mixed root meaning it contains both motor and sensory fibers |
spinal nerves
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The spinal nerve splits into (1)and (2)
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anterior and posterior ramus
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NAME
this splits into anterior and psoterior ramus |
spinal nerve
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What is lorduatic?
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is a concave curvature from a posterior view
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NAME
this is a concave curvature from a posterior view |
lorduatic
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What is lordoses?
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is an exagerateed lumbar curvature
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NAME
this is an exagerated lumbar curvature |
lordoses
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What is lordoses?
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is an exagerated lumbar curvature
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What is a kyphosis?
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is an exagerated convex thoracic curvature
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NAME
this is an exagerated convex thoracic curvature |
kyphosis
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What is the arch?
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is formed by the pedicles and laminae
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NAME
this is formed by the pedicles and the laminae |
arch
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the arch is formed by the (1)and (2)
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(1)pedicles and Laminae
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What is the tranverse processes?
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is the junction of the pedicles and laminae
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NAME
this is the junction of pedicles and laminae: however, it does not have a facet but does point outward (horziontally) |
tranverse processes
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What is the tranveres processes?
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is the junction of the pedicles and laminae
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What is the spinous process?
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is where 2 laminae meet
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What is the spinous process?
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is where 2 laminae meet
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What is the spinous process?
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is where 2 laminae meet
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How do you tell if the vertebrae is cervical? (2)
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(1)has 2 foramen (other side has holes for the artery) (2)has a bifid on the spinous process
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How do you tell if the vertebrae is cervical? (2)
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(1)has 2 foramen (other side has holes for the artery) (2)has a bifid on the spinous process
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How do u tell if vertebrae is Thoracic? (3)
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(1)ha a long spiny process (2)has no tranverse process (3)has place for ribs
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How do u tell if vertebrae is Thoracic? (3)
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(1)ha a long spiny process (2)has no tranverse process (3)has place for ribs
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How do u tell if vertebrae is Thoracic? (3)
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(1)ha a long spiny process (2)has no tranverse process (3)has place for ribs
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How do you tell if the vertebrae is Lumbar? (2)
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(1)has a thick short spiny process (2)there is no place for ribs
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How do you tell if the vertebrae is Lumbar?
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(1)has a thick short spiny process (2)there is no place for ribs
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How do you tell if the vertebrae is Lumbar?
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(1)has a thick short spiny process (2)there is no place for ribs
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Draw a diagraph of the CNS including Defs
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See notes
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Draw a diagraph of the CNS including Defs
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See notes
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Draw a diagraph of the CNS including Defs
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See notes
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Draw a diagraph of the CNS including Defs
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See notes
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Draw a diagraph of the CNS including Defs
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See notes
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Draw a diagraph of the CNS including Defs
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See notes
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What is the peripheral nerve system made up of ? (2)
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(1)CN (2)SN
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NAME
this system is made up of CN and SN |
PNS
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What is the PNS?
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allows for communication btwn the CNS and the rest of the body
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NAME
this system allows for communication btwn the CNS and the rest of the body |
PNS
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What does the CNS sesnory division contain?
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somatic and visceral nerve fibers
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What is the sensory NS?
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conducts impluses from receptors to the CNS
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NAME
this conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS |
sensory nervous system
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What is the motor division of the nervous system?
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conducts impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)
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NAME
this system conducts impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands) |
motor division of the Nervous system
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What is the sympathetic system?
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mobilzes the body system during emergency systems for the fight or flight response
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NAME
this system mobilzes the body system during emegerncy for the fight or flight system |
sympathetic system
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Wat is the parasympathetic system?
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it conserves energt and promotoes non-emergency functions
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NAME
this system conserves energey and promotes non-emergency functions |
parasympathetic
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WHat is the ANS?
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(1)is involuntary and conducts impulses from the CNS to cardiac,smooth muscles, and glands
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NAME
this is an involuntary system that conducts impulses from the CNS to cardaic, smooth, and glands |
ANS
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What is the somatic nervous system?
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is voluntary and conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles
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NAME
this is voluntary and conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles |
somatic nervous system
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What is the differ tbw nthe ANS and the somatic nervous system?
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(1)ANS is involuntary and conducts impulses from the CNS to cardiac, smooth, and glands (2)somatic nervous system is involuntary and conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles
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What are spinal cord lesions in the C2 region like? (3)
|
(1)motor invovlement- they are tetraplegia and can not breath unassisted (2)There is no sensation below upper region of the neck (3)they have no motor reflexes
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What are the spinal cord lesions in the C6? (3)
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(1)motor involvement-shoulder function and elbow flexion, wrist extension intact, and no lower limb function (2)sensory invovlement-neck, posterior lateral arm, and radial forearm unaffected (3)motor reflexes- biceps and brachioradialis
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What are spinal cord lesions in the Thoracic spinal cord like? (3)
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(1)motor involvement-they have complete use of their neckand upper limb but are lower limb paraplegia (2)sesnory invovelemt-neck, upper limb intact, lower limb anestheisa, thorax and abdomen depends on level injured (3)motor reflexes-biceps, brachioradilias and triceps
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What are the spinal cord lesions in the L2 region like? (3)
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(1)motor involvement- hip flexion and some adduction is possible (2)sensory invovlement-the portion of the anterior and medial thigh are intact but no sensation remaining in the limb (3)motor reflexes-no lower limb reflexes
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What are the spinal cord lesions in the L4 region like? (3)
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(1)motor involvement-hip flexion and adduction and knee flexion are normal (2)sensory involvement-anterior, medial tihgh, and medial leg and foot are normal (3)motor reflexes-patellar
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What are spinal cord lesions in the S1- like?
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(1)motor involvement-hip, knee, and ankle dorsiflexors normal, ankle but ankle plantar flexors intrinsic muscles of the foot are weak (2)sensory invovlement-perinuem, lack of sensation, most of lower limb has sensation (3)Motor reflexes-patellar, and achilles incontience
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How is the level of spinal cord injury indiacted?
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by the highest level that remains intact
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What does C3 lesions mean?
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it means taht the dermatrome and myotomes associated w C-C3 are still intact and all those below C3 are affected
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What does T4 lesions mean?
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means that all dermatomes and myotome located above L4 and above are intact but those below L4 are not
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What is the nerve root inovlement from a herniated disc in the C4-5 region?
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(1)affects root C5 (2)sensory -lateral and anterior arm (3)Motor invovlement-Deltoid, and rotator cuff (4)reflex- biceps
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What ist the nerve root involvment from a herniated disc in the C5-6 region?
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(1)affects the C6 root (2)sensory-radial forearm (3)motor- biceps, and extensor carpi radialis longus and dorsum of the hand(4)rflex-brachioradial
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What does the nerve root invovlement from a herniated disc in the C6-7 region like?
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(1)affects C7 nerve (2)sensory-3rd digit (3)motor-triceps, extensor digitorum, flexor carpi radialis (4)motor-triceps
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What does the nerve root invovlement from a herniated disc in the C7-T1 region?
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(1)affects the C8 spinal rootlet (2)sensory-ulnar side of forearm, hand, 4 and 5th digits (3)motor-flexor digitorum superfiicals and profundus
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What does the nerve root invovlement from a herniated disc in the T1-T2?
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(1)affects the T1 rootlets (2)sensory-medial side of arm, medial brachial (3)motor-interoosel, lumbrials
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What dose the nerve root invovlement from a herniatd disc in the L2-L3 region?
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(1)affects the L3 rootlet (2)sensory-anterior and medial thigh (3)motor-quadriceps and adductors
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What does the nerve root invovlement from a herniated disc in the L3-L4? (4)
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(1)affects the L4 rootlet (2)sensory-medial leg (3)motor-tibilis anterior and tibailis posterior (4)reflex-patellar
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What does the nerve root invovlement from a herniated disc in the L4-L5? (3)
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(1)affects the L5 rootlet (2)sensory-lateral leg and dorsum of foot (3)motor-extensor digitorum, longus, gluteus medius and minimus
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What does the nerve root invovlement from a herniated disc in the L5-S1 region like?
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(1)affects the S1 rootlet (2)sensory-lateral and plantar surface of the foot (3)motor-peroneus longus, and brevis, tricpes surae (4)reflex-achilles
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What is the level of dermatome for C5?
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the clavicles
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What is the level of dermatome for C5, C6, and C7?
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the lateral parts of the upper limbs
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What is the level of dermatome for C8 and T1?
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the medial sides of upper limbs
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What is the level of deramtome for C6?
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the thumb
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What is the level of dermatome for C6, C7, and C8?
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the hand
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WHat is the level of deramtome for C8?
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the ring and little fingers
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WHat is the level of deramatome for T4?
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level of nipples
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What is the level of dermatome for L1?
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loin region
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What is the level of dermatome for the T10 region?
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the umbilicus
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What is the level of deramtome for the L1,L2,L3,L4 region?
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anterior and inner surface of the lower limbs
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What is the level of dermatome for L4,L5,and S1?
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the foot
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What is the level of dermatome for the L4 region?
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the medial side of the great toe
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What is the level of dermatome for the S1,S2,and L5 region?
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posterior and outer surface of the lower limbs
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WHat is the level of dermatome for S1?
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lateral margin of the foot and the little toe
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WHat is the level of dermatome for S2, S3, and S4
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perineum
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What region's level of dermatome is the clavicles?
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C5
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What region's level of dermatome is the lateral part of the upper limbs? (3)
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(1)C5(2)C6 (3)C7
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What region's level of dermatome is the medial sides of the upper limbs? (2)
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(1)C8 (2)T1
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What region's level of dermatome is the thumb?
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C6
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What region's level of dermatome is the hand? (3)
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(1)C6(2)C7(3)C8
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What region's level of dermatome is the ring and little fingers?
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C8
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What region's level of dermatome is level of nipples?
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T4
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What region's level of dermatome is level of umbilicus?
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T10
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What region's level of dermatome is the inguinal or groin regions?
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L1
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What region's level of dermatome is the anterior and inner surfaces of the lower limbs? (4
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(1)L1 (2)L2(3)L3(4)L4
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(What region's level of dermatome is the foot? (3)
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(1)L4(2)L5(3)S1
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What region's level of dermatome is the medial side of the great toe?
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L4
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What region's level of dermatome is the posterior and outer surfaces of the lower limbs?(3)
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(1)S1(2)S2(3)L5
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What region's level of dermatome is the lateral margin of the foot and little toe?
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S1
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What region's level of dermatome is the perineum?(3)
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(1)S2 (2)S3(3)S4
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Label the different dermatones
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see notes
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Label the different dermatones
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see notes
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Label the different dermatones
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see notes
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Label the different dermatones
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see notes
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Label the different dermatones
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see notes
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Label the different dermatones
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see notes
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Label the different dermatones
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see notes
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Label the different dermatones
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see notes
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What is the differ btwn a spinous process, articular process, and tranverse process? (3)
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(1)spinous process- is where 2 laminae meet (2)articular process-is the junction of the pedicle and laminae but also has 2 facets (3)tranverse- is the junction of the pedicle and laminae; however, it does not have facets but does point outward (horizontally)
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What is the differ btwn a spinous process, articular process, and tranverse process? (3)
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(1)spinous process- is where 2 laminae meet (2)articular process-is the junction of the pedicle and laminae but also has 2 facets (3)tranverse- is the junction of the pedicle and laminae; however, it does not have facets but does point outward (horizontally)
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What is the differ btwn a spinous process, articular process, and tranverse process? (3)
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(1)spinous process- is where 2 laminae meet (2)articular process-is the junction of the pedicle and laminae but also has 2 facets (3)tranverse- is the junction of the pedicle and laminae; however, it does not have facets but does point outward (horizontally)
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What is the differ btwn a spinous process, articular process, and tranverse process? (3)
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(1)spinous process- is where 2 laminae meet (2)articular process-is the junction of the pedicle and laminae but also has 2 facets (3)tranverse- is the junction of the pedicle and laminae; however, it does not have facets but does point outward (horizontally)
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What is the epiphsyial rim
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is a ring of smooth bone
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this is a ring of smooth bone |
epiphyseal rim
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What is the differ bwn presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons?
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(1)presyanptic neurons are short and located in the gray matter of the CNS (2)postsynpatic neurons are long and located outside of the CNS in automatic ganglia
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What is the differ bwn presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons?
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(1)presyanptic neurons are short and located in the gray matter of the CNS (2)postsynpatic neurons are long and located outside of the CNS in automatic ganglia
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What is the differ bwn presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons?
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(1)presyanptic neurons are short and located in the gray matter of the CNS (2)postsynpatic neurons are long and located outside of the CNS in automatic ganglia
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What is the differ bwn presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons?
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(1)presyanptic neurons are short and located in the gray matter of the CNS (2)postsynpatic neurons are long and located outside of the CNS in automatic ganglia
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