Gross Anatomy Development Of The Nervous System

Front 1

What does the neural tube give rise to?

Back 1

The entire central nervous system (brain, brainstem, spinal cord)

Front 2

What happens to the nerual crest cells during development?

Back 2

Cells migrate all over the body and differentiate into a wide variety of cells

Front 3

What do neural crest cells become?

Back 3

-melanocytes
-bones and muscles of the face
-nerve satellite cells
-oligodendrocytes and scwann cells
-all peripheral ganglia
-adrenal medulla cells

Front 4

What are satellite cells?

Back 4

Support or stem cells found around ganglia

Front 5

During differentiation of the neural tube what does the innermost ventricular zone produce?

Back 5

all neurons and macroglial cells (nonoligodendrocyte support cells)

Front 6

During differentiation of the neural tube what does the intermediate zone contain?

Back 6

dividing cells of the ventricular layer

Front 7

During differentiation of the neural tube what happens in the marginal zone?

Back 7

gathering of white matter (axons) tracts of the spinal cord

Front 8

What two plates are formed during development of the spinal cord?

Back 8

-The alar plate, dorsal, will become sensory cells
-The basal plate, ventrally, will become motor cells

Front 9

When is the ascent of the spinal cord complete, and what structure is produced at this point?

Back 9

-ascent is largely complete at birth and reaches L1-L2 level in adults
-produces the cauda equina

Front 10

What are the three regions of the cranial end of the neural tube?

Back 10

-prosencephalon
-mesencephalon
-rhombencephalon
(additionally has the cephalic and cervical flexures)

Front 11

What does the prosencephalon develop in to?

Back 11

-telencephalon
-diencephalon

Front 12

What adult structure does the telencephalon make and what cavity is found in it?

Back 12

-cerebral hemishperes
-lateral ventricles

Front 13

What adult structure does the diencephalon make and what cavity is found in it?

Back 13

-Thalamus
-Third ventricle

Front 14

What adult structure does the mesencephalon make and what cavity is found in it?

Back 14

-Midbrain
-aquaduct

Front 15

What does the rhombencephalon develop in to?

Back 15

-Metencephalon
-myelencephalon

Front 16

What adult structure does the metencephalon make and what cavity is found in it?

Back 16

-pons and cerebellum
-fourth ventricle

Front 17

What adult structure does the myelencephalon make and what cavity is found in it?

Back 17

-medulla
-fourth ventricle

Front 18

what separates the lateral ventricles?

Back 18

-septum pellucidum, which is a filmy membrane that forms between the two lateral ventricles

Front 19

Outline the flow of cerebral spinal fluid.

Back 19

Lateral ventricles -> third ventricle -> cerebral aquaduct -> fourth ventricle -> subarachnoid space

Front 20

What can lead to hydocephalus?

Back 20

-stenosis (narrowing) of the cerebral aquaduct. which can cause a backup of fluid into the lateral and third ventricles

Front 21

What is hydocephalus?

Back 21

Expansion of the third ventricles due to blockage in CSF flow or drainage

Front 22

What is holoprosencephaly?

Back 22

failure of the cerebral hemispheres and lateral ventricles to separate.
Can be semilobar or alobar

Front 23

How does expansion of the cerebral cortex occur?

Back 23

-grows much larger than the rest of the CNS and takes on C-shaped appearance
-expansion of the cortex occurs because of the proliferation of nerve cells from mature neurons of the brain from inside to out
-As it grows larger, gets wrinkly and forms sulci and gyri, as well as the lobes

Front 24

What do the olfactory tract and bulb develop from?

Back 24

-develop as an extension of the frontal lobe
-olfactory neurons extend into the olfactory epithelium of the nasal cavity

Front 25

How does the eye form?

Back 25

-Retina is directly connected to the diencephalon (from which it is derived)
-Lens comes from surface ectoderm
-as the optic cup extends away from the brain and towards the surface it induces the formation of the lens from epidermal tissue

Front 26

What can occur if the cranial neuropore fails to close? (day 25)

Back 26

-meningocele
-meningoencephalocele
-meningohydoencephalocele
-anencephalocele

Front 27

What occurs if the caudal neuropore fails to close? (day 27)

Back 27

-spina bifida occulta
-meningocele
-myelomeningocele
-myeloschisis

Front 28

What is myeloschisis?

Back 28

The spinal cord is open and exposed in the newborn

Front 29

What is Anencephaly?

Back 29

-when cerebral hemispheres fail to form
-these newborns cannot survive once maternal support ceases

Front 30

What are some other common nervous system developmental anomalies?

Back 30

-failure of the corpus callosum to form - no bridge between the two hemispheres, may see descent fothe singulate gyrus
-Arnold-Chiari Malformation - extension of the cerebellum through the foramen magnum, can compress vital structures in the medulla