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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what does the branchial apparatus consist of?
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brancheal (pharyngeal) arches
pharyngeal pouches branchial grooves (clefts) branchial membranes |
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from what do most congenital malformations of the head and neck originate?
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transformation of the branchial arches into the adult divisions
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what separates the primitive mouth from the primitive pharynx?
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buccopharyngeal (oropharyngeal) membrane
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what is the stomodeum?
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primitive mouth
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when does the buccopharyngeal membrane rupture?
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day 24
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what happens when the buccopharyngeal membrane ruptures?
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primitive gut comes into contact with the amniotic fluid cavity
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when do the branchial arches develop?
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early in week 4
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what accompanies the development of the branchial arches?
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neural crest cells migrating to the future head and neck region
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how many pairs of branchial arches are visible at the end of week 4?
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4 pairs (5th and 6th pairs are small)
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what separates the branchial arches?
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branchial grooves
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initially, what is each pharyngeal arch composed of ?
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mesenchyme from intraembryonic mesoderm
covered with ectoderm externally covered with endoderm internally |
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what ectodermally originating cells migrate into the pharyngeal arches?
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neural crest cells
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what does the mesenchyme in the branchial arches give rise to?
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muscles
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what does the neural crest cells in the branchial arches give rise to?
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specific skeletal structures
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what is contained in a typical branchial arch?
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aortic arch
cartilagenous rod nerve muscular component |
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what is derived from the 1st branchial arch cartilage?
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malleus and incus (dorsal portion)
anterior ligament of the malleus and sphenomandibular ligament (intermediate portion) primordium of mandible (ventral portion) |
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what is the name for the 1st branchial arch?
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mandibular arch
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what is derived from the 2nd branchial arch cartilage?
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stapes and styloid process (dorsal part)
stylohyoid ligament (intermediate part) lesser cornu and superior part of the hyoid bone (ventral part) |
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what is derived from the 3rd branchial arch cartilage?
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greater cornu of hyoid bone
inferior part of body of hyoid bone |
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what is formed from the fusion of the 4th and 6th branchial arches?
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laryngeal cartilages
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from what does the epiglottis form?
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mesenchyme in the hypobranchial eminence
(from 3rd and 4th branchial arches) |
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from what branchial arches is the hypbranchial eminence derived?
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3rd and 4th branchial arches
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what nerves are derived from the first branchial arch?
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trigeminal nerve (CN V)
(maxillary and mandibular divisions only) |
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what nerves are derived from the second branchial arch?
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facial nerve (CN VII)
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what nerves are derived from the third branchial arch?
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glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
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what nerves arise from the 4th and 6th branchial arches?
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vagus nerve (CN X)
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what muscles are derived from the 1st branchial arch?
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masseter
temporalis lateral pterygoid muscle medial pterygoid muscle mylohyoid muscle anterior belly of the digastric tensor tympani tensor veli palatini |
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what muscles are derived from the 2nd branchial arch?
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muscles of facial expression
stapedius stylohyoid posterior belly of the digastric |
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what muscles are derived from the 3rd branchial arch?
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stylopharyngeus
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what muscles are derived from the 4th and 6th branchial arch?
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cricothyroid
levator veli palatini pharyngeal constrictors intrinsic laryngeal muscles striated muscles of esophagus |
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how many branchial pouches are there?
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4 (5th is either absent or very small)
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what forms the branchial membranes?
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endoderm of pharyngeal pouches
ectoderm of branchial grooves |
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into what does the first pharyngeal pouch expand?
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tubotympanic recess
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what is the only branchial membrane to persist in adulthood?
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branchial membrane between 1st pharyngeal pouch and 1st branchial groove
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what is formed from the branchial membrane between the 1st pharyngeal pouch and 1st branchial groove?
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tympanic membrane (eardrum)
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in the adult, what is the only branchial groove to persist?
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first branchial groove
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in the adult, as what does the first branchial groove persist?
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external acoustic meatus
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to what does the tubotympanic recess give rise?
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tympanic cavity
mastoid antrum |
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what is formed by the connection between the tubotympanic recess and the pharynx?
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auditory tube
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to the formation of what does the second pharyngeal pouch contribute?
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palatine tonsil
epithelial lining of the fauces |
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what is the fauces?
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posterior part of mouth, which leads into the pharynx
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to what does the third pharyngeal pouch contribute to the formation?
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inferior parathyroid glands (bulbar portion)
thymus (elongate portion) |
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when does the third pharyngeal pouch give rise to the bulbar portion of the inferior parathyroid glands?
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week 5
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past what do the inferior parathyroid glands and thymus migrate?
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superior parathyroid glands of fourth pouch
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to what does the fourth pharyngeal pouch contribute to the formation?
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superior parathyroid gland (bulbar portion)
parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland (elongate portion) |
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what is another name for parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland?
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calcitonin cells of the thyroid gland
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what is another name for the elongate portion of the thyroid gland?
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ultimobranchial body
(gives rise to calcitonin cells of the thyroid gland) |
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what is the name of the second branchial arch?
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hyoid arch
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