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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the general somatic efferent modality?
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motor to skeletal muscles
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what is the general visceral efferent modality?
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motor to heart muscle, smooth muscle, glands
(part of parasympathetic nervous system in cranial nerves) |
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what is the special visceral efferent modality?
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motor to skeletal muscles that develop in branchial arches of the embryo (e.g. pharynx, larynx, and middle ear)
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what is the general somatic afferent modality?
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sensations of touch, pain, temperature
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what is the special somatic afferent modality?
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special sense from organs developing in ectoderm of embryo (vision, hearing)
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what is the general visceral afferent modality?
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sensory from sensory organs (heart, intestine)
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what is the special visceral afferent modality?
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special sense from organs developing in association of gastrointestinal tract (smell, taste)
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what is the autonomic nervous system?
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involuntary actions which happen even when someone is asleep (though some parts, like focusing eye and producing tears, can be consciously controlled)
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what are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
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sympathetic system - fight or flight
parasympathetic - rest and digest |
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what is generally true of the pre- and postganglionic sympathetic fibers?
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preganglionic - short
postganglionic - long large ganglia (seen in gross anatomy lab) |
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what is generally true of the pre- and postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system?
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preganglionic - long
postganglionic - short, generally in organ being innervated (seen only in histology lab except four in the head) |
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where are the cell bodies for preganglionic sympathetic neurons?
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lateral horn of spinal cord (T1-L2, L3)
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where are the cell bodies for postganglionic sympathetic neurons?
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sympathetic ganglion
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through which root do sympathetic nerves leave the spinal cord?
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anterior (ventral) root
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through which rami do sympathetic nerves leave the sympathetic ganglion?
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dorsal and ventral primary rami
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how do sympathetic neurons reach the sympathetic ganglion?
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through ventral horn, through anterior rami, via white rami communicantes
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where do the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers originate?
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cranial outflow (cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X, XI)
sacral outflow (S2, 3, 4) |
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how long is the sympathetic trunk?
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aka paravertebral chain of sympathetic ganglia
from base of skull to tip of coccyx |
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where are the sympathetic ganglia?
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cervical region - bodies of vertebrae, posterior to carotid sheath
thoracic region - along heads of ribs, outside pleura lumbar region - along anterior border of psoas major sacral region - just medial to sacral foramina |
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what is the midline ganglion impar?
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termination of the sympathetic trunk
located near the coccyx |
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from what spinal levels do white rami communicantes arise? from what spinal levels do gray rami communicantes arise?
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white = T1-L2/L3
gray = all spinal cord levels |
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what are the three cervical ganglia?
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superior cervical ganglion - outflow to first 4 cervical nerves
middle cervical ganglion - outflow to C5,6 inferior cervical ganglion - outflow to C7,8 |
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what is the stellate ganglion?
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aka cervicothoracic ganglion
ganglion formed by the fusion of the first thoracic ganglion with the inferior cervical ganglion |
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how many of each type of sympathetic ganglion are there?
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cervical - 3
thoracic - 10/11/12 lumbar - 4 sacral - 4 |
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how can postganglionic sympathetic fibers reach their destination?
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follow a spinal nerve
follow an artery pass directly to a viscus/organ |
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what is the internal carotid nerve?
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a superior prolongation of the superior cervical ganglion along the internal carotid artery (carotid plexus) which carries most of the cranial sympathetic nerves
continues as plexuses around anterior and middle cerebral arteries and ophthalmic arteries |
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how do cranial sympathetic nerves get to more superficial areas of the head?
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branches from superior cervical ganglion are carried by external carotid artery
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from where does the sympathetic plexus around the vertebral artery originate?
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cervicothoracic ganglion
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what is miosis?
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constriction of the pupil (accomodation)
occurs via contraction of sphinctor pupillae |
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what is mydriasis?
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dilation of the pupil
occurs via contraction of dilator pupillae |
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what can a cervical ganglionectomy cause?
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horner syndrome
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what is horner syndrome?
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anhidrosis - absense of sweating
ptosis - drooping of upper eye lid miosis - constriction of the pupil enophthalmos - retraction of eye into socket |
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what are the largest branches of the thoracic sympathetic nerves?
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greater splanchnic nerves (T5-9)
lesser splanchnic nerves (T10-11) least splanchnic nerves (T12) |
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what type of fibers are carried in the thoracic splanchnic nerves?
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preganglionic sympathetic
(synapse in coeliac ganglia) |
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where do the neurons in the thoracic splanchnic nerves synapse?
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coeliac ganglia
(some continue through to suprarenal medulla) |
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through what do the thoracic splanchnic nerves enter the abdomen?
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crura of the diaphragm (T12 - aortic hiatus)
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with what do lumbar splanchnic nerves join?
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connect ganglia to coeliac plexus
join aortic and iliac plexuses, and superior hypogastric plexus innervate intestines and associated structures |
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with what do the pelvic splanchnic nerves join?
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right and left inferior hypogastric plexuses
vascular branches and branches to pelvic viscera |
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what are the four large parasympathetic ganglia?
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ciliary ganglion
otic ganglion pterygopalatine ganglion submandibular ganglion |
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the ciliary ganglion originates from preganglionic parasympathetic fibers carried by which cranial nerve?
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CN III
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what cranial nerve carries preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion?
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CN IX
(via tympanic nerve) |
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what nerve carries postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the otic ganglion?
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auriculotemporal
(goes to parotid gland) |
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what cranial nerve carries preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the sphenopalatine ganglion (pterygopalatine ganglion)?
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CN VII
(via greater petrosal nerve) |
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what cranial nerve carries preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the submandibular (submaxillary) ganglion?
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CN VII and CN V
(via chorda tympani and via lingual nerve) |
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what is supplied by parasympathetic innervation from CN III, VII, and IX?
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salivary glands
lacrimal glands ciliary muscle constrictor pupillae in eye smooth muscle in levator palpebrae superioris |
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what is supplied by parasympathetic innervation from CN X and XI?
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most thoracic and abdominal viscera
(includes colon until hindgut) |
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what are the functions of the parasympathetic system in the GI tract?
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secretomotor to glands of stomach and intestine
motor to smooth muscle but inhibitory to sphincters |
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what are Auerbach's and Meissner's plexuses?
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plexuses in the gut which hold the parasympathetic ganglia
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what is supplied by the pelvic splanchnic nerves?
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smooth muscle of rectum and bladder with motor fibers (inhibitory to sphincters)
uterus with vasodilator and inhibitory fibers erectile tissue of penis and clitoris with vasodilator fibers |
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what is the only set of splanchnic nerves which is parasympathetic?
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pelvic splanchnic nerves
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what controls erection and ejaculation?
parasympathetic or sympathetic? |
erection - parasympathetic
ejaculation - sympathetic |
