Gross Anatomy

Front 1

MAMMARY GLAND?

Back 1

Is located in superficial fascia

Front 2

MAMMARY GLAND IS A MODIFIED SKIN GLAND & IS COMPOSED OF 3 ANATOMICAL PARTS:

Back 2

1.Cutaneous Layer
2.Stroma
3.Parenchyma or grandular tissue

Front 3

GRANDULAR TISSUE IS COMPOSED OF

Back 3

10-15 LOBES. the lobes are composed of smaller lobules. Lobes are drained by LACTIFEROUS DUCTS.

Front 4

LACTIFEROUS DUCTS?

Back 4

Open onto the nipples.

Front 5

STROMA?

Back 5

Is composed of subcutaneous fatty layer called ADIPOSE CAPSULE and dense connective tissue, which is located between the lobes and lobules CONNECTIVE TISSUE SUPPORTING LAYER

Front 6

SUSPENSORY LIGAMENTS OF COOPER'S LIGAMENTS?

Back 6

Fiberous bands of connective tissue which run from the deep fascia to the skin between the lobes of the gland.

Front 7

NERVES OF THE MAMMARY GLAND?

Back 7

Nerves of the gland-anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of the 2nd to 6th intercostal nerves.

Front 8

BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE MAMMARY GLAND?

Back 8

Blood supply-branches of axillary art.(lat. thoracic) perforating branches and anterior intercostal of internal throacic are enlarged in 2nd to 4th intercostal spaces to supply mammary gland & mammary branches are given off by 2,3,4, post intercostals

Front 9

THE AXILLA?

Back 9

Is a pyramidal space.

Front 10

THE AXILLA ANTERIOR?

Back 10

Axilla anterior wall is formed by pectoralis major and minor.

Front 11

THE AXILLA POSTERIOR?

Back 11

Axilla posterior wall is formed by subscapularis, teres major and latissimus dorsi

Front 12

THE AXILLA MEDIAL?

Back 12

Axilla medial wall is formed by ribs and intercostal muscles covered by serratus anterior

Front 13

THE AXILLA LATERAL?

Back 13

Axilla lateral wall is formed by the humerus covered by the coracobrachialis and biceps.

Front 14

How many lymph nodes in the axilla?

Back 14

There are 20 to 30

Front 15

What do the lymph nodes in the axilla do?

Back 15

the lymph nodes drain the lymph vessels of the upper limb and superficial vessel of the trunk from the clavicle to umbilicus

Front 16

Recognized lymph nodes?

Back 16

Groups are lateral (along axillary v), central, apical, pectoral (clong lateral thoracic v), and subscapular (along subscapular v). they all communicate with central nodes and EMPTY INTO APICAL NODES.

Front 17

AXILLARY SHEATH?

Back 17

Branchial plexus, axillary artery, axillary vein, are enclosed in this fascia

Front 18

AXILLARY VEIN IS ?

Back 18

Medial and anterior to the artery.

Front 19

AXILLARY ARTERY IS?

Back 19

A continuation of subclavian artery which is a branch of the aorta on the left side and of the branchiocephalic artery on the right side.

Front 20

AXILLARY ARTERY BEGIN?

Back 20

Axillary artery begins at the lateral border of the first rib as continuation of the subclavin

Front 21

AXILLARY ARTERY ENDS?

Back 21

The axillary artery ends at the lateral border of the teres major

Front 22

1ST BRANCH OF THE AXILLARY ARTERY?

Back 22

First part is medial to the pectoralis minor muscle. Its branch the superior thoracic (or supreme thoracic) is distributed to the upper part of the thoracic wall.

Front 23

2nd BRANCH OF THE AXILLARY ARTERY?

Back 23

The 2nd part lies posterior to the pectoralis minor. The branches are thoracoacromial and lateral thoracic. Thoracaoacromial has 4 branches- DELTIOD, ACROMIAL,PECTORAL & CLAVICULAR (Dead People Are Cavaders)

Front 24

3rd BRANCH OF THE AXILLARY ARTERY?

Back 24

The third part is lateral to the pectoralis minor. Branches of the 3rd part are the subscapular and anterior and posterior humeral circumflex arteries. The subscapular is divided into the thoracodorsal & circumflex scapular.

Front 25

THORACODORSAL ARTERY AND CIRCUMFLEX SCAPULAR?

Back 25

The thoracodorsal artery travels together with the thoracodorsal nerve and supplies the latissimus dorsi, serratus anterior and teres major; Circumflex scapular anterior travels through the triangular space to the back. the anterior and posterior humeral circumflex arteries encircle the surgical neck of the humerus. The posterior humeral circumflex artery travels together with the axillary nerve through the quadrangular space to the back

Front 26

BRANCHIAL PLEXUS?

Back 26

Is usually formed by the ventral rami of the spinal nerves C5-8,T1.

Front 27

HOW MANY SPINAL NERVE PAIRS ARE THERE?

Back 27

31 PAIRS: 8,12,5,5,1

Front 28

VENTRAL ROOTS

Back 28

Ventral roots of the spinal nerves take origin from the anterior horns. They consists of efferent or motor fibers.

Front 29

POSTERIOR ROOTS

Back 29

Posterior roots are afferent or sensory. cell bodies of these somatic afferent (or sensory) fibers are located in spinal or dorsal root ganglia, which are located in the intervertebral foramina

Front 30

SPINAL NERVE

Back 30

Dorsal roots and Ventral roots unite to form a spinal nerve that so far has 2 functional components:GSA, GSE. The spinal nerve is divided into ventral and dorsal rami

Front 31

DORSAL RAMI

Back 31

Dorsal rami supply the intrinsic muscles of the back and overlying skin

Front 32

VENTRAL RAMI

Back 32

Ventral rami form PLEXUS of spinal nerves

Front 33

CERVICAL PLEXUS

Back 33

Cervical plexus is formed by ventral rami of C1-C4

Front 34

BRACHIAL PLEXUS

Back 34

Brachial plexus is formed by C5-8

Front 35

LUMBAR PLEXUS

Back 35

Lumbar Plexus is formed by L1-4

Front 36

SACRAL PLEXUS

Back 36

Sacral plexus is formed by L4,5, S1-4

Front 37

COCCYGEAL PLEXUS

Back 37

Is formed by S4,5 C1

Front 38

THORACIC NERVES
(VENTRAL RAMI)

Back 38

DO NOT FORM PLEXUSES, THEY TRAVEL IN INTERCOSTAL SPACES.

Front 39

SUPERIOR TRUNK
(branchial plexus)

Back 39

In the formation of the brachial plexus the ventral rami of 5th and 6th cervical nerves unite

Front 40

MIDDLE TRUNK
(branchial plexus)

Back 40

The 7th of the cervical nerves remaines single and continues

Front 41

INFERIOR TRUNK
(BRANCHIAL PLEXUS)

Back 41

the 8th cervical and 1st thoracic unite

Front 42

ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR DIVISION OF THE BRANCHIAL PLEXUS

Back 42

Just above the clavicle each of these trunks splits

Front 43

In the axilla the 3 posterior divisions unite to form?

Back 43

The POSTERIOR CORD of the plexus the upper 2 anterior divisions unite to form the lateral cord of the plexus and the lower anterior passes distally as the medial cord

Front 44

BRANCHIAL PLEXUS

Back 44

The vental rami and trunks in the neck (supraclavicular part of the brachial plexus; divisions are above and behind the middle third of the clavicle ; cords lie in the axilla (infraclavicular part). The plexus ends at the lower border of the pectoralis minor by dividing into the number of nerves.

Front 45

BRANCHES FROM THE ROOT:

Back 45

Dorsal scapular C5 to Rhomboids and Levator scapulae and long thoracic C5,6,7 to Serratus anterior

Front 46

BRANCHES FROM THE TRUNK:

Back 46

Suprascapular C5,6 to infraspinatus and supraspinatus.

Front 47

BRANCHES FROM THE LATERAL CORD:

Back 47

Lateral pectoral to pectoral muscles.
Musculocutaneous travels through the coracobrachialis muscle and supplies all the anterior muscles of the arm and continues as the lateral cutaneous of the forearm.
Lateral root of the median nerve.

Front 48

BRANCHES FROM THE MEDIAL CORD:

Back 48

Medial pectoral to pectoral muscles.
Medial root of the median nerve.
Ulnar nerve which supplies mostly muscles of the hand and 2 muscles of the forearm.
Medial cutaneous of the arm or medial brachial cutaneous. the lateral cutaneous branch of the 2nd intercostal (intercostobrachial) communicates with medial branchial cutaneous and lat. cutaneous branch of the 3rd intercostal. Together these 3 nerves supply the skin of the medial side of the arm and the floor of the axilla.
Medial cutaneous of the forearm-medial antebrachial cutaneous.

Front 49

BRANCHES FROM THE POSTERIOR CORD:

Back 49

Upper and lower scapular (C5,6) to subscapularis and teres major
Thoracodorsal C6,7,8 to latissimus dorsi
2 terminal branches- axillary to supply deltoid and teres minor and radial to supply the skin and muscles of the posterior side of the upper limb.

Front 50

AXILLARY NERVE?
(POSTERIOR CORD)

Back 50

Travels with posterior humeral circumflex artery through the quadrangular space around the surgical neck of the humerus to supply deltoid and teres minor.

Front 51

RADIAL NERVE (POSTERIOR CORD)

Back 51

Radial nerve travels to the back of the arm together with the deep or profunda brachial artery to supply all the muscles and skin of the back of the upper limb

Front 52

CHRONIC INJURIES OF THE BRACHIAL PLEXUS AND THE AXILLARY ARTERY?

Back 52

Are sometimes grouped together as "thoracic outlet syndrome" or "neurovascular compression syndrome"