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188 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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VITAMIN CD stands for |
Vascular |
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5 vascular causes of myelopathy |
hematoma
infarction vascular malformation radiation myelopathy 2/2 iodinated contrast |
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4 kinds of hematoma causing vascular myelopathy
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spinal epidural
spinal SAH spindal SDH hematomyelia |
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spinal cord infarctions occur most commonly at ___ aka ___
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T4
watershed zone |
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5 causes of spinal cord infarction |
atherosclerosis of radicular a. with hypotension clamping aorta during aneurysm surgery hypotension during surgery in sitting position aortic dissection embolization |
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most common cause of spinal cord infarction is ___
formerly it was ___ |
atherosclerosis of radicular a. + hypotension |
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4 ways spinal vascular malformations cause myelopathy |
mass effect rupture watershed infarct (steal) spontaneous thrombosis |
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vascular malformation rupture can cause ___ (3) |
SAH hematomyelia epidural hematoma |
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spontaneous thrombosis of vascular malformation is aka ___ |
necrotizing myelopathy of Foix-Alajouanine |
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Foix-Alajouanine presents with ___ followed by ___ and also has ___ |
spastic paraplegia flaccid paraplegia ascending sensory level |
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2 kinds of autoimmune myelopathy ___ is more damaging to grey matter |
post-viral myelitis demyelinating myelitis post-viral |
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3 kinds of demyelinating myelitis |
idiopathic ATM MS NMO
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4 metabolic causes of myelopathy |
B12 deficiency Cu deficiency Zn toxicity N2O toxicity |
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9 infectious causes of myelopathy |
epidural abscess vertebral osteomyelitis pyogenic discitis HIV myelopathy TB (Pott's) spinal meningitis viral syphilis parasitic cysts
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4 viral causes of myelopathy |
VZV HSV2 CMV West Nile |
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VZV is associated with ___ |
necrotizing myelopathy (rarely) |
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HSV2 is associated with ___ |
ascending myelitis |
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CMV is associated with ___ |
transverse myelitis |
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congenital causes of myelopathy |
arnold-chiari I tethered cord syringomyelia neurenteric cyst mucopolysaccharidosis hereditary spastic paraplegia |
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5 degenerative causes of myelopathy |
spinal stenosis IV disc prolapse ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament arachnoiditis ossificans epidural lipomatosis |
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MCC of epidural lipomatosis is ___ |
chronic CS tx |
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3 vascular causes of sciatica |
psoas hematoma compartment syndrome of posterior thigh vascular claudication (mimic) |
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3 infectious causes of sciatica |
discitis Lyme VZV |
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pain of discitis sciatic is usually ___ and triggered by ___ |
excruciating any movement |
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autoimmune cause of sciatica |
myositis ossificans of biceps femoris |
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iatrogenic causes of sciatica |
radiation injury sciatic n injury after THA injury from IM injection |
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2 kinds of neoplastic causes of sciatica |
spine tumors tumors along course of sciatic n |
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2 congenital causes of sciatica |
meningeal cyst conjoined nerve root |
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degenerative causes of sciatica |
radiculopathy 2/2 herniated lumbar disc (HLD) DJD juxtafacet cyst nerve root sheath cyst arachnoiditis ossificans heterotopic ossification at hip |
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sciatic nerve has spinal levels ___ |
L4-S3 |
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sciatic n exits pelvis via ___ |
greater sciatic foramen |
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3 main radiculopathies causing sciatica |
L4 L5 S1 |
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L4 radic is often confused with ___ |
femoral neuropathy |
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both L4 radic and femoral neuropathy have ___ (2) |
quadriceps weakness diminished knee jerk |
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motor deficit in L4 radic |
quadriceps thigh adduction |
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motor deficit in femoral neuropathy |
iliopsoas quadriceps |
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sensory deficit in L4 radic |
dermatome from knee to medial malleolus |
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sensory deficit in femoral neuropathy |
anterior thigh |
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2 kinds of S1 radics |
intraspinal extraspinal (entering sacral plexus) |
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extraspinal S1 radic can be identified by ___ |
paraspinal sparing on EMG |
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MCC of sciatica |
radiculopathy 2/2 HLD |
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2 vascular causes of acute paraplegia/quadriplegia |
spinal cord infarct pontomedullary infarct |
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1 infectious causes of acute paraplegia/quadriplegia |
epidural abscess/empyema |
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autoimmune cause of acute paraplegia/quadriplegia |
post-viral myelitis |
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3 metabolic causes of acute paraplegia/quadriplegia |
subacute combined degeneration thallium poisoining CPM |
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7 muscle groups relevant to foot drop by innervation |
targets of obdurator n. targets of femoral n. targets of proximal branches of L5 targets of more distal L5 branches still proximal to common peroneal takeoff targets of tibial n. targets of superficial peroneal n. targets of deep peroneal n. |
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3 targets of obturator n. |
adductor longus adductor magnus adducator brevis |
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obturator n. has spinal levels ___ |
L2 L3 |
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target of the femoral nerve |
quadriceps |
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femoral n has spinal levels ___ |
L2-L4 |
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2 muscles targeted by proximal L5 branches these branches exit ___ close to ___ |
gluteus medius gluteus maximus lumbar plexus neural foramina |
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gluteus medius is innervated by ___ with spinal levels ___ |
superior gluteal n L4-S1 |
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gluteus maximus is innervated by ___ with spinal levels ___ |
inferior gluteal n L5-S1 |
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gluteus medius does ___ |
internally rotates thigh |
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gluteus maximus does ___ |
extends hip |
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target of more distal branch of L5 proximal to common peroneal takeoff |
biceps femoris |
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biceps femoris does ___ it is innervated by ___ with SC levels ___ |
knee flexion tibial division of sciatic (and ...?) L5-S2 |
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targets of tibial n. |
gastrocnemius tibialis posterior |
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gastrocnemius does ___ innvervation is from ___ SC levels |
plantarflexion S1-2 |
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tibialis posterior does ___ innvervation is from ___ SC levels |
foot inversion L4-5 |
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target of deep peroneal n. |
tibialis anterior |
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tibialis anterior does ___ innvervation is from ___ SC levels |
foot dorsiflexion L4-5 |
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targets of superficial peroneal n. |
peroneus longus peroneus brevis |
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peroneus longus/brevis does innvervation is from ___ SC levels |
foot eversion L5-S1 |
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5 lesion locations relevant to foot drop, proximal to distal |
L4 or L5 radic main trunk of sciatic n peroneal division of sciatic n common peroneal n superficial peroneal n deep peroneal n |
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muscle groups affected by L4 or L5 radic |
tibialis anterior peroneus longus/brevis tibialis posterior |
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lesion of main trunk of sciatic has weakness in ____ (5) |
tibialis anterior peroneus longus/brevis tibialis posterior biceps femoris gastrocnemius |
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lesion of peroneal division of sciatic has weakness in ____ (4) |
tibialis anterior peroneus longus/brevis tibialis posterior biceps femoris |
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lesion of common peroneal has weakness in ___ (2) |
tibialis anterior peroneus longus/brevis |
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lesion of superficial peroneal has weakness in ___ |
peroneus longus/brevis |
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lesion of deep peroneal has weakness in ___ |
tibialis anterior |
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L4 or L5 radic causes ___ sensory deficit |
dermatomal |
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lesion of main trunk of sciatic causes ___ sensory deficit |
lateral distal leg and entire foot |
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lesion of peroneal division of sciatic causes ___ sensory deficit |
lateral distal leg and foot dorsum with great toe web |
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lesion of common peroneal causes ___ sensory deficit |
lateral distal leg and foot dorsum with great toe web |
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lesion of superficial peroneal causes ___ sensory deficit |
lateral distal leg and foot dorsum |
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lesion of deep peroneal causes ___ sensory deficit |
great toe web |
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involvement of adductors or quadriceps with foot droop means cause is ___ |
polyradiculopathy |
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involvement of proximal L5 branches with foot drop localizes to one of ___ (2) |
root lumbar plexus |
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___ can distinguish root from lumbar plexus lesion |
EMG |
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EMG disntinguishes root from lumbar plexus by checking ___ |
paraspinal muscles |
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paraspinal muscles will show EMG involvment in ___ lesion but not ___ lesion this is because ___ |
root plexus paraspinals are innervated by dorsal rami which exit proximal to plexus |
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b/l UE weakness without LE weakness localizes to ___ |
pyramidal decussation spinal cord |
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UE weakness from pyramidal decussation lesion is called ___ |
Bell's cruciate paralysis |
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cord lesion which causes UE weakness |
central cord |
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atrophy of 1st dorsal interosseous localizes to one of ___ (3) |
C8 or T1 radic lower plexopathy ulnar neuropathy |
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2 conditions a/w atrophy of 1st dorsal interosseous |
ALS MMN |
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4 kinds of non-radicular causes of shoulder pain |
inflammatory primary shoulder pathology non-inflammatory primary shoulder pathology inflammatory non-primary shoulder pathology non-inflammatory non-primary shoulder pathology |
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3 kinds of inflammatory primary shoulder pathology |
bicipital tendonitis subacromial bursitis adhesive capsulitis |
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2 kinds of non-inflammatory primary shoulder pathology |
rotator cuff tear impingement syndrome |
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si of bicipital tendonitis |
tenderness over biceps tendon |
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si of subacromial bursitis |
tenderness over AC joint |
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test for impingement syndrome |
empty can test |
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empty can test means ___ |
pain is reproduced by pushing down on arm while patient holds forearm in pronation (like pouring out soda can) |
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1 kind of inflammatory non-primary shoulder pain |
polymyalgia rheumatica
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3 kinds of non-inflammatory non-primary shoulder pain |
complex regional pain syndrome MI |
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3 kinds of causes of non-radicular neck pain |
traumatic/degenerative congenital other |
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5 traumatic/degenerative causes of non-radicular neck pain |
cervical spondylosis cervical sprain cervical disc herniation C-spine fx secondary glossopharyngeal neuralgia |
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2 kinds of cervical disc herniations of these, only ___ is expected to cause neck pain, and usually causes ___ pain |
central lateral lateral radicular |
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central disc herniation typically causes ___ pain and presents with ___ |
no myelopathy |
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1 congenital causes of non-radicular neck pain |
Chiari I |
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Eagle's syndrome is ___ |
2' glossopharyngeal neuralgia due to elongation of styloid process |
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Eagle's syndrome typical variant has ___ and presents with ___ (3) |
history of tonsillectomy pharyngeal pain dysphagia otalgia |
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Eagle's syndrome 2nd variant pw ___ |
carotidynia radiating to ipsilateral eye and vertex |
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3 kinds of causes of burning hands/feet |
vascular traumatic/degenerative metabolic |
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vascular causes of burning hands/feet |
atherosclerosis Raynaud's erythromelalgia |
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erythromelalgia occurs in setting of ___ |
polycythemia |
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traumatic/degenerative causes of burning hands/feet |
central cord syndrome |
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metabolic cause of burning hands/feet |
diabetic amyotrophy |
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Lhermitte's sign localizes to ___ or ___ |
dorsal columns of C-cord caudal medulla |
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top 5 causes of syncope IDOOF |
neurocardiogenic cardiac hypotensive cerebrovascular seizure
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___% of syncope is neurocardiogenic |
36-62 |
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___% of syncope is cardiac |
10-30 |
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2 kinds of cardiac syncope |
valvular arrhythmia |
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___% of syncope is hypotensive |
2-24 |
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___% of syncope is cerebrovascular |
1 |
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4 categories of transient neuro sx |
TIA migraine seizure other |
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"other" category of causes of transient neuro sx includes ___ (3) |
chronic subdural "tumor TIA" prodrome of intracranial hemorrhage |
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3 localizations for ataxia |
cerebellum SC peripiheral |
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4 causes of cerebellar ataxia |
vascular metabolic iatrogenic neoplastic degenerative |
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vascular cause of cerebellar ataxia |
cerebellar hemorrhage |
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3 metabolic causes of cerebellar ataxia |
B12 deficiency EtOH heavy metal poisoning |
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1 heavy metal notorious for causing cerebellar ataxia |
dimethyl mercury |
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2 iatrogenic causes of cerebellar ataxia |
PHT CBZ |
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2 neoplastic causes of cerebellar ataxia |
cerebellar tumor paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration |
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paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration is associated with anti-___ |
Yo |
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5 degenerative causes of cerebellar ataxia |
ataxia-telangiectasia ataxia-oculomotor apraxia Friedreich's ataxia spinocerebellar ataxia paraneoplastic spinocerebellar degeneration |
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kinds of SC-related causes of ataxia |
metabolic traumatic/degnerative neoplastic |
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3 metabolic causes of SC-related ataxia |
B12 deficiency vit E deficiency Cu deficiency
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2 traumatic/degenerative causes of ataxia |
spinal stenosis syringomyelia
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2 neoplastic causes of ataxia |
cord compression paraneoplastic spinocerebellar degeneration |
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2 autoimmune peripheral causes of ataxia |
Miller-Fisher GBS CIDP |
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Miller-Fisher GBS is classically ___ (3) |
ataxia areflexia ophthalmoplegia |
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5 kinds of causes of diplopia |
vascular infectious traumatic autoimmune neoplastic |
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vascular causes of diplopia |
orbital hematoma |
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1 infectious cause of diplopia |
botulism |
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2 traumatic causes of diploia |
orbital hematoma CN4 palsy |
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5 autoimmune causes of diplopia |
Graves' ophthalmopathy MG GCA orbital pseudotumor Tolosa-Hunt syndrome |
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orbital pseudotumor means ___ it is AKA ___ |
idiopathic inflammatory infiltration of EOMs chronic granuloma |
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Tolosa-Hunt syndrome means ___ it commonly extends to ___ |
idiopathic inflammation of superior orbital fissure cavernous sinus |
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4 kinds of causes of binocular blindness |
vascular traumatic epilepsy migraine |
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4 vascular causes of binocular blindness |
top of the basilar syndrome ICP-related PCA hypoperfusion b/l PION b/l vitreous hemorrhage |
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b/l PION can occur in setting of ___ |
shock |
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b/l vitreous hemorrhage can occur in setting of ___ |
SAH (Terson's syndrome) |
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3 kinds of causes of monocular blindness |
vascular traumatic autoimmune neoplastic |
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4 vascular causes of monocular blindness |
amaurosis fugax GCA cavernous-carotid fistula vitreous hemorrhage |
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2 kinds of trauma which can cause monocular blindness |
to globe to optic nerve |
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1 autoimmune cause of monocular blindness |
GCA |
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2 kinds of neoplastic cause of monocular blindness |
intraorbital retro-orbital |
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2 kinds of exophthalmos |
pulsatile non-pulsatile |
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3 causes of pulsatile tinnitus |
cavernous-carotid fistula defect in orbital roof vascular tumor |
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2 causes of orbital roof defect |
iatrogenic NF1 |
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6 kinds of causes of non-pulsatile exophthalmos |
vascular infectious autoimmune metabolic neoplastic 3rd nerve palsy |
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vascular causes of non-pulsatile exophthalmos |
hemorrhage cavernous sinus occlusion |
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2 causes of cavernous sinus occlusion |
thrombosis obstruction (e.g. by tumor) |
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infectious cause of exophthalmos |
orbital cellulitis |
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2 autoimmune causes of exophthalmos |
Graves' ophthalmopathy orbital pseudotumor |
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2 metabolic causes of exophthalmos |
Graves' ophthalmopathy excess retroorbital fat |
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2 mechanisms for neoplastic causes of exophthalmos |
direct mass effect obstruction of venous drainage |
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6 adult tumors which can invade orbit |
optic glioma optic sheath neuroma optic sheath meningioma pituitary adenoma lymphoma multiple myeloma |
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1 pediatric tumor which can invade orbit |
metastatic neuroblastoma |
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8 kinds of causes of ptosis |
vascular traumatic autoimmune metabolic iatrogenic neoplastic congenital? degenerative |
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3 vascular causes of ptosis |
midbrain stroke peripheral 3rd nerve palsy Horner's syndrome |
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2 peripheral causes of peripheral 3rd nerve palsy |
cavernous sinus injury intraorbital injury to superior division |
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2 sites of trauma which cause ptosis |
eyelid orbital roof |
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autoimmune cause of ptosis |
MG |
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2 iatrogenic causes of ptosis |
botox CS |
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degenerative cause of ptosis |
extension of mucocele of frontal sinus |
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3 structural kinds of macrocephaly |
with ventriculomegaly with normal ventricles/mild ventriculomegaly 2/2 skull thickening |
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3 causes of macrocephaly with ventriculomegaly |
hydrocephalus hydranencephaly vein of Galen aneurysm |
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8 causes of macrocephaly with normal ventricles/mild ventriculomegaly |
hereditary macrocrania external hydrocephalus subdural fluid megalencephaly neurocutaneous syndrome metabolic dz gigantism syndrome vein of Galen aneurysm |
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4 kinds of subdural fluid collection |
hematoma hygroma effusion benign subdural collections of infancy |
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2 gigantism syndromes |
Soto's syndrome exomphalomacroglossia-gigantism |
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2 kinds of tinnitus |
pulsatile non-pulsatile |
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6 causes of pulsatile tinnitus |
AVM pseudotumor HTN venous abnormalities aberrant carotid artery p-fossa tumor |
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3 venous abnormalities associated with pulsatile tinnitus |
glomus jugulare tumor dehiscent jugular bulb asymmetric enlargement of sigmoid sinus/jugular vein |
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asymmetric enlargement of sigmoid sinus/jugular vein causes ___ tinnitus |
pulsatile but non pulse-synchronous |
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workup for pulsatile tinnitus |
MRI brain with and without angiogram |
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5 kinds of causes of non-pulsatile tinnitus |
infectious/autoimmune metabolic iatrogenic neoplastic degenerative |
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2 infectious/autoimmune causes of non-pulsatile tinnitus |
labyrinthitis otitis media |
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3 metabolic causes of non-pulsatile tinnitus |
otosclerosis Meniere's dz stapedial spasm |
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3 iatrogenic causes of non-pulsatile tinnitus |
aminoglycosides salicylates quinine |
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2 neoplastic causes of non-pulsatile tinnitus |
CP angle tumor endolymphatic sac tumors |
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endolymphatic sac tumors are a/w ___ |
VHL |
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2 kinds of facial sensory changes |
hemifacial circumoral |
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2 causes of circumoral paresthesia |
hypocalcemia syringobulbia |
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3 causes of hemifacial sensory changes |
vestibular schwannoma trigeminal neuroma compression of spinal trigeminal tract |
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compression of spinal trigeminal tract may cause ___ |
bilateral sensory deficit |
