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164 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Doric Order
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This order is from the 7th century BC and was primarily used in the west. It has trglypts (no continues freeze). Temple of Zeus is good example
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Triglyph/metope frieze
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tryglyph were found on Doric Orders (it had no continous freeze) and metope frieze was what filled between two tryglyphs in Doric Orders. Metopes were often painted and had sculpture decoration.
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Ionic Order
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This order has a freeze that is continues and was primarily used in the east; also from 7th century BC. Temple of Athena Nike is good example
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Pediment
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the triangular classical architectural that contains sculptures in it; it is above the triglyphs and metope, above horizontal structure
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Centauromachy
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Greek Architecture involving Lapiths and centaurs fighting (half man, half horse); one of the three battle scenes that were common in temples
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Cryselephantine
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Gold and ivory combination; used for cult statues and were built around a wooden frame. Ivory represented the flesh and gold the garments.
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Helot
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owned serf from areas that Sparta had conquered; grew crops
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Perioikoi
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free non citizen in Sparta; inhabitants of the polis and could not serve in Damos; could not be in army training that every Spartan male citizen went through
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Spartiate
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One had to trace lineage to original city inhabitants to be a Spartan; male who was trained from a young age to become a warrior until age 30. They had the reputation of being the best soldiers in Greece.
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Gerousia
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Spartan senate made up of 60 year old Spartan males; created by Spartan lawgiver in the 7th century; it consisted of 30 members (2 of them would be kings that were younger than 60).
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Boule
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council of 500 in Ancient Athens; 50 from each tribe and they were chosen by lot; were not allowed to serve 2 years
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Ekklesia
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- assembly, the other body of government for Athens, consisted of all male citizens, voted every 10 days on legislation approved by the Boule
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Prytany
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standing executive committee over the Boule; lived in Tholos; formally called meetings with the Ekklesia and Boule; each tribe’s delegation would be an executive for 1/10th of the year (10 groups per year)
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The Reform of Solon
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- He made it available to appeal to a court; no longer had to be imprisoned for owing money; all citizens could be admitted in the Ekklesia. Early 6th Century BC
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The Reform of Kleisthenes
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Set forth democracy for Athens; organized 10 tribes instead of 4 based on their area of residence; He also established legislation chosen by lottery. 507 BC
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Ostracism
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exiling a citizen by vote; was a mechanism to prevent tyranny in which the person had to leave for 10 years (would not lose property)
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Dikast
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- jury members that heard arguments and rendered judgement in the Athenian court; were paid later in 462BC
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Klepsydra
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water clock that the Athenians would use for time; this was very important in the courts for speaking; primarily used for measuring time less than one hour; even prostitutes would use them.
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City Dionysia
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It was a festival for the god Dionysos (god of Grape and Wine) in Athens; it was held every year and there was dozens of bull sacrifices.
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Komos
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Drunken procession with singing and dancing; followed the parade in the City Dionysia. Theater contests were held after this
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Tragedy
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were plays held as trilogies; at first it was just one person, but in 534 BC, actors were introduced; focuses on person who has everything and loses it all (reversal of fortune)
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Hamartia
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tragic error, not a flaw; good example is Agamemnon when he kills his daughter to get fortunate wind to go to Troy or Antigone, when King Creon doesn’t listen to anybody in allowing Antigone to bury her brother.
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Anagnorisis
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recognition of tragic error; a good example is Antigone when King Creon finds his son and later his wife dead, realizes what he should of done
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Orchestra
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location where the chorus would sing and dance; in the form of circles or half circles and behind it there were painted panels to set the scene
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Skene
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backstage; behind the orchestra and proskenion (where actors would be); this is where the costumes were stored and also served as hidden stage
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Prologos
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prologue, monologue or dialogue before the entrance of the chorus
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Parados
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entrance song for the chorus in a play; mainly used to present information already given
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Episodion
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episodes or scenes in the play; it involved the actors and chorus, followed the Parados
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Stasimon
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Performed in tragedy as choral songs separating the epilodia (episodes); they would be performed by chorus on the orchestra
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Exodus
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the final scene after the last stasima in a play
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Dyke
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justice, the spirit of moral order and fair judgment; good example is in Eumenides where spirits want to punish Orestes for killing his mother and her lover.
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Oikos
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Household; It pertained to social life and economic status. Women would go live with husband and his family; sometimes up to three generations would be living in same house. Women would be around home while men would be there only occasionally
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Andron
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- formal dining room, social events for men; hold banquets and would sit on couches while having speeches, playing games and drinking
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Kottabos
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drinking game involving kylix, flinging drops of wine at a target (residue left in cup), and also listening to music. Men would be sitting on couch while drinking
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Kyrios
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male guardian of a woman; could be brother if both husband and father had died; would represent woman
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Hetaira
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- female companions; high class prostitutes and were smart. They would also know how to dance and play music; other type of women besides the one who would marry.
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Gamos
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marriage; a banquet at wife’s house, taken on chariot with husband and best man. They would have consummation right after the wedding with everybody outside of the room
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Metic
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non-citizen resident of Athens; they had no political rights and would have a special tax. Up to 1/3 of the people living in Athens were Metics
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Hektemoroi and Penestai
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dependent farmers who cultivated the land of the privileged on condition that they would have to yield 1/6 of produce instead of rent (could be sold as slaves if they did not pay); Penestai were tied to the land once inhabiting Thessaly, status compared to Spartan helots
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Liturgy
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high cost public service; significant rewards in terms of social status; example would be Choregos (paid for plays). Other examples include religious duties and trierarchy (maintaining naval vessel).
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Choregos
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Ones who paid for plays and costumes; the prizes were awarded jointly to the playwright and the choregos. If playwright won, a bronze tripod would be set up.
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Arche
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starting point, originating source or basic principle on how things exist. Aniximander mentions it in his physical theory of how arche is apeiron (limitless). Many other philosophers used this term to describe how things work/exist.
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Aperion
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limitless, motion is eternal and ageless; everything is made up of aperion and it has no opposite (like fire to water). Aniximander believes that aperion is arche (starting point). He believed that fire and water broke off from aperion.
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Vix Crator
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largest known wine mixing vessel; was found at Vix in central France in the 6th century BC (5 ft tall) and weight about 450 lbs in a Celtic grave.
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Hoplite
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citizen soldier of Ancient Greek city states; spear men who was responsible for getting his armor and weapon; fought in formation and central element of warfare
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Hopla
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plural for shields (Hoplons); Hoplites would carry them in warfare. Also weapons and full armament.
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Ionic Revolt
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499 BC, Athenians help the Ionians in Miletus and ended up burning down the Persians temple in Sardis in 498 BC. This is why the Persians were angered at the Athenians/Greeks (end up burning their temples). Aristagoras and Histiaeus planned revolt from the Persians.
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Battle of Marathon
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490 BC, Athenian army killed 6,700 Persians with only 192 casualties; very important defeat for Athenians and turning point in the Persian War. Persians led by King Darius
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Battle of Thermopylae
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480 BC, Led by King Xerxes, land army and fleet fought the Spartans (300). They defended themselves until they were betrayed. They sent their Greek allies away to stay and fight. King Leonidas led the army.
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Battle of Salamis
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480 BC, Persians captured Athens and destroyed city. Crucial sea battle that Athenians won. Persian Army withdrew to central Greece after the defeat;
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Polemarch
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senior military title in Ancient Greek polis; war leader; responsible for military matters and foreigners in Athens
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Archon
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ruler or lord; Athens had 9 archons in the classical period, one was the polemarch (military matters), another was King Archon (responsible for religious matters and the laws), one archon the year was named after and 6 others were keepers of traditional law
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Barbarian
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Outsider to the Greeks (anyone who is not Greek); it originates from bar bar from which the Greeks believed others sounded like. Earliest form of the word is traced to the Mycenaean culture with Linear B script.
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Naukratis
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center of trading and relations with Egyptians in Egypt; this was as early as the 7th Century and this is how the Greeks gained eastern influence; example is kouros from Egyptians
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Silphium
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highly prized medical plant now extinct; Cyrene was known for having this plant. Cyrene’s silver coin also depicted the plant. It was said it could treat coughs, sore throat, fever, aches and pains
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Emporium
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Trade outposts where variety of goods would be exchanged; marketplace locations in Egypt, Northern Africa and Spain area; also included Phoenician city states. Athens’s Agora had an emporium outpost. Found on trade alone, not a new polis
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Candaules
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Herodotus; ends up getting killed by Gyges because he shows him his wife naked
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Gyges
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- bodyguard of Candaules, ends up becoming Lydian king; oracle tells him that after 5th generation, there will be payback
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Tellus the Athenian
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the most blessed man, had children and beautiful wife and died noble by trying to defend his city, by Solon
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Solon
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very wise man that tells Creosus that he is not the most blessed, he becomes angered
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Creosus
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- 5th generation of Lydian king, gets captured by Cyrus and gets saved by Apollo (takes out fire), ends up destroying an empire, his own
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Cyrus
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takes Persia from Astages with Harpages’s help; they tried to kill him as a boy, but survived and was raised by herdsman & wife
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Astyages
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king of the Medes who was dethroned by Cyrus; he had a dream that his daughter would give birth to a strong son that would take his power away; he tried to stop that, but it was inevitable.
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Cambyses
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one was the father of Cyrus (Persian) who Astyges has his daughter Mandane marry so that the son would not be a threat (Persians were inferior); the other is the son of Cyrus who ruled after him and expanded empire as he conquered Egypt
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King Darius
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- he overthrows Cambyses fake brother; also scene where he wins monarchy rule and thunder strikes down as his horse kneels first. He ruled after Cambyses and led at the Battle of Marathon; first Persian invasion; angered because Greeks burned down temple at Sardis (shoots arrow in the air)
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King Xerxes
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Son of Darius, there was a dispute over the successor; he makes war on Greece and leads battle of Thermopylae and Salamis; He had walked with land army and huge fleet that was counted making a circular wall.
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Polykleitos
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- of Argos was credited with perfecting the sculpting of the human figure, middle years of the 5th century BC; started experimenting with form and movement
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Pheidias
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designed the cult stateu of Athena Parthenos (huge statue) and also the cult stateu of Zeus at Olympia (that was even bigger) made out of gold and ivory.
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Peisistratus
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tyrant of ancient Greece between 546 BC- 527BC; built temples and a water supply system after the Solon reforms
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Hippias
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a much harsher tyrant in Ancient Athens and he was driven out with the help of the Spartans in 510 BC; he went to Persia to help them because he wanted control of Athens once again
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Aristagoras of Miletus
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one who planned Ionian revolt because his political position was at risk; Ionian revolt in 499; responsible also for leading Greeks to the burning of Sardis as well
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Miltiades
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- joined Ionian revolt and, devised tactic for Athenian defeat at the battle of Marathon; he was the general for the Athenians
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Themistocles
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Athenian citizen and general; he interpreted oracle believing that the Athenians should rely on ships to the war; fought in battle of Marathon; in 483BC he convinced them to built 200 ships
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Leonidas
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leader of the 300 who fought and died at the hands of the Persians
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Thales
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philosopher from Miletus who believed that the Earth was resting on water 6th century BC
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Anaximander
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from Miletus, believed that Arche was Apeiron, 6th Century BC
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Pythagoras
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from Samos believed the world was ordered by numbers, developed many mathematical principles; all living things were related; 6th century BC
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Xenophanes
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from Kolophon; Late 6th century-early 5th century; Earth and water were the substance of everything, he looked at fossils and noticed the wet and dry cycle
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Heraclitus
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from Ephesus, 5th century BC, believed that the symbol of logic (logos) was fire, cannot step in the same river twice, believed in unity of opposites
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Dexileos
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19 year old that died in a battle in Corinth, has a very famous grave inscription recording the date of birth and death (Grave Stele of Dexilos)
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432 BC temple
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Propylaia
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438, 433 BC temple
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Parthenon
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406 BC temple
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Erechtheion
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420 BC temple
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Temple of Athena Nike
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Water
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Thales (Aristotle)
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Physical Theories
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Anaximander
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Cosmogony
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Anaximander
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Cosmology
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Anaximander
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Physical Ideas
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Xenophanes (Aristotle)
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Human Knowledge
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Xenophanes
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The History
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Herodotus
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Killing of Eratosthenes the Seducer
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Lysias
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Against Neaera
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Demosthenes
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The Orestia`
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Aeschylus
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Medea
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Euripides
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Symposium
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Plato
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Antigone
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Sophocles
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Battle of Issus
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- 333BC, Alexander the Great defeated the army led by Darius in the second great battle. Location in Issus, Turkey; associated with famous painting (roman copy)
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Battle of Chaironeia
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338BC, near city of Chaeronea in Boeotia, between Philip II of Macedon and alliance of Greek city-states (Athens and Thebes primarily); Macedonian victory for campaign
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Sarissa
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long spear use in Macedonian phalanx formation, guard the people on the left side; longer spears than those used by hoplites
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Phalanx
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a hoplite warrior with long spear; create wall of shields with spear; very effective way to fight off opponents; mastered by the Macedonians
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Proskynesis
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practice by Persians in which people would have to kiss the hand of the leader or lay themselves on the ground before him; Alexander started using this after he declared himself the Persian King.
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Sophistry
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teaching the art of rhetoric and persuasion, weaker arguments can defeat the stronger ones; teaching for money; looked down upon
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Ephebia
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youth corps; every citizen member of Athenian army, had to serve 2 years; tasks like maintaining a fort and living there for a period of time; after this full citizen (age 20)
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Herm
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- good luck charms that would scare away evil; it was a serious crime if they were altered/destroyed. Alcibiades accused of this during Peloponnesian War
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Moirai
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the 3 fates; female goddess; exceeded the power of Zeus because they had the last word on a person’s life, one spins, one determines length and the last one cuts the rope
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Augury
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technique; involves looking at the flight of birds, animals as well to predict fate. Looking at plants, objects, weather or animal sacrifices
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Long Walls
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Athenians built after the Persian defeat, Spartans didn’t want them to do that. It was built from Athens to Piraeus, their sea port. It was roughly 8-9 miles long
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Pentecontaetia
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the 50 year period between the defeat of the Persians and the beginning of the Peloponnesian War, 479BC- 433BC (not really 50 years)
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Elenchus
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- Socratic method of dialogue to reach understanding; people could find contradictions in own thinking; therefore become wiser
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The Delian League
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formed in 478BC, called that because treasury was located in Delos, later moved to Athens; formed to protect themselves from Persians, would pay or provide ships and eventually leads to cause of Peloponnesian War
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Revolt of Potidaia
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revolted against Athens 432 BC; starts the Peloponnesian War; Corinthians appeal to Spartans to attack Athens and they invade Attica
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Revolt of Mytilene
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428BC, the government planned a rebellion with Sparta; they were quickly defeated; debate between Cleon and Diodotus; Diodotus didn’t want to kill adults and enslave the women and children, they go with his advice and only kill the generals that lead rebellion
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Pythia
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at Delphi; Laurel leaf and bowl sitting on the tripod; She spoke to Apollo, very famous oracle
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Sicilian Expedition
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- Nicias was against it, but the young Alcibiades wanted to go (later called for destruction of herms); end up getting killed by Syracuse (strongest of the Sicilian); lose more men running away
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Ptolemy
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general of Alexander’s army, got control of Egypt after he passed. He took Alexander’s body to Alexandria capital. The lighthouse there was one of the seven wonders (the Pharos), also large library
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Seleukos
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founded the Seleucid dynasty, capital located in modern Turkey (Antioch); Asia Minor (Afghanistan & Iran); they used elephants in battle
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Philip II
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father of Alexander, fought Battle of Chaironeia, 338BC, was assassinated in 336BC
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Alexander the Great
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Son of Philip II, fought Darius and Persian Army on behalf of Greek nation. He crowned himself the Persian King, started wearing pants, died at Babylon
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Bucephalus
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Alexander’s horse, named a city after him, nobody could tame it, so Philip didn’t want him, but Alexander at 13 won the horse over
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Alcibiades
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General, fled from the Athenians after accused of destroying a herm; very young and one who wanted to go on the Sicilian Expedition
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Nicias
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- General was against going on the Sicilian expedition, wanted them to be careful; one who established the 50 year peace with Sparta in Peloponnesian War.
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Demosthenes
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General; wanted Athenians to leave expedition after night attack on Epipolae, wants them to go back to Athens to defend it; Nicias doesn’t want to; lunar eclipse makes them stay
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Cleon
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debate with Diodotus, wanted to kill the men and enslave women/children in Revolt of Mytilene
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Diodotus
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debate with Cleon, wanted to preserve land and people, kill only leaders, says that they did it against their will because it was the government; would create worse problems for them. (wins)
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Archidamus
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Spartan king at the start of the Peloppenisian War
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Pericles
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leader for Athens at the beginning of the war, would die of plague; he came up with the idea that they needed to go inside of Athens and gave up house to use (thought Spartans wouldn’t destroy his house out of prior respect)
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Xenia
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Guest friendship code; guest would be offered a place to sleep & rest even before he/she says their name
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Kleos
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everlasting glory, what every soldier worked for; In Iliad for example, Hector strives to achieve this by defending his city
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Arete
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virtue and courage (Hector has it, Paris doesn’t); Achilles struggles with it
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Ate
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blinding rage; associated with Achilles after he finds out that his friend Patroclus is dead
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Time
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honor, prize, public esteem, value; one’s value through awarding prizes
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Contrapposto
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- Archaic kouros statues stand in a static manner, the weight balanced over two legs and arms rigidly positioned at sides. At the end of the archaic period, stance is broken and figure rests weight on a single leg, shifting balance and twisting the torso
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Polis
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independent city state, came after the dark ages, grew very rapidly during the Archaic period
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Drachma
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standard coin in Greece dating back to as early as 1100BC, Obel coin was 1/6 of a drachma; moved to euro in 21st century
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Agoranomai
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the market police who would monitor the agora, make sure purity of coinage and also watched price of grain
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Agora
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market place, place of assembly; used to be place where free born male land owners gathered for military duty
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Apsidal
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Lerna, corridor house, early Bronze age, social stratification went up; fortified settlement. Mainland in Argol
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Kouros
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- male youth statues, female counterparts called Kore; idea came from Egyptians after the Dark Ages; early Archaic Period
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Chaos
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Represents the universe, Abyss, just came into being (void state). Hesiod Thegonomy
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Gaia
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Greek godess who represents the Earth, just came into being like Chaos, Mother titan of Kronos, tells him to kill his father Ouranos because her children were imprisoned
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Eros
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- God of beauty and sexual love or desire; just came into being; one of big four
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Tartaros
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deepest part of the underworld; lower than Hade’s underworld. Where Uranos imprisoned Gaia’s children, just came into being
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Ouranos
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- sky, father of Kronos, gets his testicles chopped off after imprisoning his children in Tartaros, Kronos does it; from it Aphrodite comes out in one tale
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Ages of man
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Hesiod, Golden, silver, bronze, Heroic, Iron (where he is). Men become more selfish, more warlike. Start getting old in Silver age and in Bronze they are very war like (kill each other off). In Iron Xenia is forgotten
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Epithet
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descriptive term, accompanying or occurring in place of a name; ex. Swift footed Achilles
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Homeric Simile
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epic simile, does not need like or as. Comparison to something familiar for the audience
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Labrys
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Double sided axe, associated with the Minoan culture, around 1550BC, during Heroic Age
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Thalos Tomb
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Mycenaean, 15 century BC, large round chambers, hillside (Bee hive like), considerable engineering skill was required
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Linear B
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deciphered, on tablets covered with symbols, numbering system, also had pictography, to keep palace records. Mycenaean Period, around 13th century
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Prothesis
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relatives and friends came to mourn & pay their respects. Shown in Geometric (Dark Ages); vases; decorated with scenes (lay out bodies)
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Ekphora
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during Dark (geometric period), Body laid on cart/chariot inside & take it to cemetery
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Pithos Jar
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large storage jars; many were found in palace of Knossos 1600-1100 BC Late Bronze Age
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Chthonic
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manner of offering sacrifices to the deity; sacrificed on altar; smoke would reach the gods
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Megaron
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- In Mycenaean palaces, courtyard outside of megaron (the one room). Throne would be on the right wall. Walls were brightly colored with creatures. Late Bronze Age 1600-1100BC
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Cyclopean Masonry
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massive fortification walls in Mycenaean palaces, classical Greeks, looking at their remains, believed only Cyclops could have done it. Style of wall building is known as cyclopean
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Uluburun
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well documented ship wreck, late 14th century, late bronze age, off coast of Turkey in Mediterranean, most likely towards Greece, sank in 1300BC had precious material
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Oath of Tyndareos
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Saying that whoever got Helen, men would not fight each other and all would have to help if she was taken away
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Panhellenic
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- Greek national identity after colonization, cultural similarities were highlighted; after dark ages; for example would practice sports in the nude and women would stay in the home most of the time
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Hecatomb
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- a sacrifice to the gods of 100 cattle, rare, offered to Apollo, Athena, Hera and mentioned in the Iliad by Homer
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Amphikteony
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a comitte, representatives of many cities before the creation of polis; a league of neighbor alliance of Greek tribes; also supported religious organizations for specific temples
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Omphalos
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Symbol of Delphi, as the centre of the world (naval or belly button); Sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi; slopes of Mt. Parnesses
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Pankration
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all out fighting sport held in the Olympic games. Introduced in 648BC; very competitive and bloody
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Penthathlon
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contest featuring 5 different events; first one documented in Greece; part of Olympic games, over 1 day, long jump, javelin, discuss, race(stadium), and wrestling
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