Greek Final

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1. Philip II of Macedon

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( 382-336 BC) a. In 360 BC, took the throne at age 24

b. In 338 BC, defeated allied Greeks at the Battle of Chaeronea Hegemony-the politico-military dominance of a city-state over other city-states.

c. In 336 BC, death. His son, Alexander, became ruler.

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2. Philip III aka the 'feeble-minded

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(359-317/6 BC) -ruled jointly with Alexander the Great’s son, Alexander IV, but was assassinated; probably poisoned by Alexander IV’s mother. buried by Alexander IV followers. body later exhumed (secondary ritual) to honor and pay respect to the last king to the dynasty

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3. Alexander III 'the Great'

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(356-323 BC) a. In 334 BC, he set out to conquer the Persians

b. In 333 BC, Battle of Issus led to the defeat of the Persian king, King Darius

c. In the 320s BC, he invaded India but had to turn around at the demand of his troops d. Death in 323 BC in Babylon (probably of malaria)

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4. Aigai / Vergina:

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a. Late 4th century tomb i. tomb within a Tumulus [mound of dirt] b. Manolis Andronikos was the excavator who recovered the portraits to identify Philip II c. The male tomb was either of Philip II or Philip III (Signs of Sinusitis) d. Ivory sculpture of the Macedonian royal family, fragments of woven textiles (purple cloth w/ golden embroidered), pieces of ceremonial and military equipment, gold leaf crown, a shield and pots/ vessels found indicating libations were used for the ceremonye. Metope frieze and horizontal frieze panel painted with a hunting scene (major example of Greek paintings)

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5. Sarcophagus

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- Sarkophagos (lithos sarkophagos “flesh-eating stone”coffin)

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6. Larnax:

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golden box (Vergina Sun/Star of Vergina)

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7. Olynthus

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,Chalcidice: a. Founded in 430 BC – destroyed by Philip II in 348 BC.b. Terminus ante quem- latest possible date of somethingc. Site: well preserved Greek houses planned in blocks (of the city).d. Materials / Features: sun dried bricks, foundation stone. Featured a second story (although, house plans varied) and north wall was the tallest to protect from winter winds ; bathrooms: tiled floors, evidence of pipes to collect rainwater; dining room [Oikos / andron]: plastered and painted walls, mosaic floors, largest room in the household; mosaic floors [in dining room and ante-room]: Bellerophon mosaics- earliest mosaics in the Greek world (400 BC), fairly distinct – black and white, pebble medium; ante room: most important room in the house for receiving guests, room before the dining room.

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8. Orthogonal

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meaning ‘upright’, or ‘at right angles’

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9. Oikos / andron –

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a dining room.

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10. Pebble mosaic –

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earliest mosaics of the Greek world (400 BC).11.

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Emblema

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– central scene of a mosaic, often surrounded by a border of geometric motifs

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12. Pella, Macedonia

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: Capitol of Macedonia- Location of the Stag Hunt mosaica. Mosaic, 320 BC – “The Stag Hunt.”b. Materials / features: pebble mosaic (pebbles set closer together), polychrome, ‘shading’ technique (similar to painting), bordered picture, cut stones in the pupils of the eyes (done in a tesserae technique).

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13. Gnosis:

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Greek mosaic artist of “The Stag Hunt” mosaic. Signed name on mosaic.

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14. Tesserae

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– cut cubed stones and marble fitted together in a bed of mortar.

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15. Tessellated (or true) mosaic-

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technique of Greek and Roman mosaic made from tesserae

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16. Asaratos Oikos –

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meaning alpha privative, the ‘unswept’ floor (bunch of food / garbage on the floor). This was considered to be an offering to the gods/spirits after dinner and a shown as respect.

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17. Sosos of Pergamon

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2nd century BC): only mosaic artist named in historical records and accredited to designing the Asaratos Oikos.

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18. Vitruvius:

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steps of laying a mosaic floor:a. Statumen-bottom most layer of soil, the foundationb. Rudus- another added layer, mixture of hardcore and limec. Nucleus – cement / plaster (powdered pottery)d. Setting bed – tesserae.e. Supra-nucleus – grouted.

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19. Alexander Mosaic:

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a. 2nd century BC mosaic at Pompeii, House of the Faun, in outside garden.b. Materials: tesserae: stone and glass.c. A copy of a Hellenistic painting - possibly moved and brought to the location.Accounts for mistakes.

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20. Battle of Issos River

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(333 BC): scene depicted in mosaic.

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21. King Darius:

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Persian King depicted in Alexander mosaic.

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The Hellenistic Period

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:(Begins after the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC -31 BC at the Battle of Actium. Octavian defeats Mark Antony and Cleopatra and returns to Rome as Augustus, “Revered One”)

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1.The generals inherit the kingdom that Alexander the Great created

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2. Expansion of the Macedonian /Greek Kingdom: sets up the 3 centuries that follow:Seleucid Dynasty (in Asia Minor) 312-63 Founded by Seleucus I Nicator after the division of Alexander’s empire. Babylonia, central Anatolia, Persia, the Levant, Mesopotamia, present day Kuwait, Afghanistan, parts of Pakistan and TurkmenistanAntigonid Dynasty (in Macedonia) by Antigonus in Northern GreecePtolemaic Dynasty (in Egypt) by Ptolemy, Egypt is annexed by Rome and it was part of the imperial property, not part of the Roman state.

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3. Alexandria

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- part of the Ptolemaic Dynasty and was the distinct city of the Hellenistic pd.Library of Alexandria, scientific thinking in the Hellenistic, many scholars emerged here.Aristarchus, Eratosthenes, Callimachus, Apollonius and Rhodius worked in the library and made copies of significant work. The library held over 100,000 volumesAny document coming into the port would be held until fully transcribed. Destroyed by fire in the 1st century BC.Papyrus- rolls of papyrus made book, cut and pressed in two layers Byblos- booksVellum- finer quality parchments made from animal skin

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4. Asklepieion at Kos

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- multi terraced temples, staircases were entrances to the facade 1st layer- open space, offerings, fountains to cleanse2nd layer- Thermal baths (Hydrotherapy), small ionic temple altar3rd Level - Doric Temple of Asklepios (god of Medicine/ Healing) surrounded by Stoa on 3 sides

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5. Stoa-

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guided people, long collimated halls, visitors slept hoping the gods would visit them in a dream

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6. Genre

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- new style of vases called South Italian, which lasted throughout the Hellenistic pd.

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7. Aphrodite of Melos (Venus de Milo)

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ca. 130 BC- made by Alexandros of Antioch, same theme of naked women, erotic qualities and depictions of suspense of the treatment of women, Praxitelean S shaped curve of the body

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8. Portraiture-

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famous Hellenistic sculptures, realistic portraits of men and women of all ages, no longer depicted people as ideals of beauty and physical perfection

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9. Demosthenes

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(sculpture by Polyeuktos) He was an orator of the 4th century- 280 BCModest, introspective, turned inward, psychological interest in the person and how they perceived themselvesRoman Marble Copy of Bronze Portrait Statue- Athens

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10. Verism-

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Truth, contemporary everyday subject matter instead of heroic or legendary in art, blemishes and imperfections in the sculpture, interest in emotion, pain, suffering, sleeping, old/youth age, noble figures represented in the worst possible way

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11. Imagines

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- Masks of ancestor portraits that Romans hired actors to wear at ceremonial occasions, considered to be bringing the family back to life again

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12. South Italian pottery workshops-

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five different workshops throughout Southern Italy

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13. Apulia

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- vast majority of where South Italian vases came from (20,000) and known for the Apulian vase paintings: Apulian geometric pottery and the Apulian red figure pottery. These were fundamentally different from black/ red figure pottery and had no inscriptions, texture, stamping, ribbing, drapery, ornament and thicker paint (2D). Added color such as white and gold as well.

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14. Volute Krater-

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is a large vase which was used to mix wine and water in Ancient Greece. Gold/yellow, red figure volute kraters depicted scenes and faces from Greek theatre plays around 380-370 (Apulian)

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15. Naiskos-

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is a small temple in classical order with columns or pillars and pediment. (Funeral architecture)

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1. Trireme-

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The trireme derives its name from its three rows of oars, manned with one man per oar.

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2. Olympias

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-mother of Alexander the Great.

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3. Sporades-

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an archipelago along the east coast of Greece, northeast of the island of Euboea, in the Aegean Sea.

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4. Alonnesos

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(Greece) Shipwreck, ca. 420-400 BC5th century BCE Classical Greek shipwreck, discovered in the channel between Peristera Island and Alonnisos, largest shipwreck (over 11 tons) Only partially excavated; stopped after two seasons. Since then it has been looted. artifacts;Attic Black glaze potteryhelpful for datingFound mixed in with amphoras (on top)2 basic types of AmphoraMendeanUnknown

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5. Amphoras-

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1000 found and more layers beneath that

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6. Kyrenia .

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(Cyprus) shipwreck, ca. 300-280 BC Most famous greek ship to be excavated 343 BCE Rhodian Amphoras Many were stamped Stamps in the Hellenistic period are important because they tell us dates, makers, priests, etc. → a chronology can be established 60% of the hull survived Described being Classical, but is technically Hellenistic Many artifacts are found in fours suggesting there were four crewman

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. 7. Pegged mortise-and-tenon construction

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The mortise hole and tenon peg used to lock pieces of wood together

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8. Kızılburun

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(Turkey) shipwreck, 1st century BC60 ton of cargo of Proconnesian marble [originated at Proconnesus]Stone carved into circular drumsNot yet fluted7 tons eachMarble carrier. Romans quarried monolithic column shafts in standardized lengths. Columns were of Doric order, which was unusual because these in particular date to the 1st century, when Doric order was not commonly used. Marble slabs were found, lined up end to end, possibly used to load and unload the columns.Stele found, with a rosette pediment. One bronze coin-Kyzikos issue (2nd-1st century)Hellenistic ceramics, a terracotta Herm Figurine and amphoras were also found. One amphora found was partial Egyptian bitronconique amphoraDoes it belong to the cargo?

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9. Column wreck-

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First found in 1993, excavated from 2005-2011. The first diagnostic artifact visible was Lamboglia(20) amphora resting against one of the column drums suggesting the date to be around the 2nd-1st century BC.

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10. Proconnesos-

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(Island) in the Sea of Marmara, laden with a freshly quarried cargo of architectural parts intended for the Temple of Apollo at Claros, sank before reaching its destination.

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11. Temple of Apollo at Claros

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possible where the Kizilburun cargo was headed

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1. Pergamon / Pergamum

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, Asia MinorSituated between Hellenistic monarchies.City plan: dynamic setting, orthogonal, embraced by rulers of Pergamon (Similar to Askleipion (city) – fan planning / multiple terraces).Comprised of: upper town (Temple of Athena), library, theater, ‘the great alter’; lower town: like the Athenian Agora

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. Attalid Dynasty

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Ruled the city of Pergamon Its relation to other dynastic kingdoms was its connection to RomeEumenes I (263-241 BC): asserter of Pergamene independence and the Attalid Dynasty; defended Pergamon from the Galatians (Celtics).

Attalos I (241-197 BC): followed Eumenes; defeated Celtic invaders; allied Pergamon with Rome.Eumenes II (197-159 BC): responsible for expanding the library at Pergamon and Great AltarAttalos II (159-138 BC): willed Pergamon to Rome in his will in 133 BC; Stoa of Attalos in Athens.Attalos III (138-133 BC): last Attalid king, little interest in ruling Pergamon

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3. Pergamene Baroque

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Style – theatrical, pyramidal, twisting of the body, pathos: emphasis on depictions of pain, dying, and suffering.Key features – emphasis on hair: dense, thick, contrasts (dark and light); deep set eyes.

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4. Dying Gauls

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: Upper city monument (designed to form a unit)Depicts the defeat of the Celts by PergamonShows a noble suicidal look and elevates Pergamene victoryInspires the style of Pergamon Baroque.

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5. Great Altar

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(180-175 BC):Famous Pergamon monument – depicted on the coinage of PergamonPlan / features: square, large, central-enclosed alter, ionic columns, raised on platform, leading staircase – decorated with a friezeFrieze: theme: gigantonomy (gods vs. giants) metaphor for Pergamon vs. its opponents (17 ft. tall)

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6. Gigantomachy

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– Greek myth of the gods vs. giants.

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7. Stoa of Attalos (Athens):

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2nd century BC, 180-175 building (2 stories)Features Pergamon columns/capitols: thin cuttings and shape – inspired by Alexandra/Egyptian capitals.Attalus II dedication

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8. Laocoön

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Statue: Rome, Italy: Pergamon baroque statue found at the Domus Aurea of Nero(54-68)/Titus. The statue was signed by the Rhodes Trio. Pliny the Elder writes about this statue while at the residence of Titus. Unknown if this is the one he saw – he said he saw a ‘whole’ statue – while this one is composed of multiple (7) pieces.

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9. Pliny the Elder

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: saw the statue of Laocoon and writes about the palace of Emperor Titus

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10. Sperlonga:

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Italian city.

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11. Grotto of Tiberius

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(14-37): the cave dining room of the Roman emperor Tiberius – contained many statues – the 2 most notable of the statues are from the Odyssey.

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12. Hagesandros, Polydoros, and Athenodoros (of Rhodes):

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the Rhodes Trio sculptors – artists of Pergamon Baroque – possibly copyists.

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1. numismatics > nomisma

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- coinsThings of value: animals, wine, metal and stone

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2. Flan

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- blank metal disk,to make coins

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3. Obverse

Reverse

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front

back

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5. Oxhide ingots-

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They were used and found in Egyptian tombs to facilitate travel and transportation (shape aided). They were found in the Late Bronze Age on the Cape Gelidonya Shipwreck and Uluburun shipwreck

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6. Obeloi < Obols-

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Copper or bronze splits traded by weight, while six obols make a drachma or a handful, since that was as many as the hand could grasp (Pre-coinage system)

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7. Artemision at Ephesus-

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may be the earliest coins made from the silver-gold alloy electrum found here.

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8. Electrum-

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mix of gold and silver found naturally and showed up in rivers in Western Laurion silver mines

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9. Wappenmünzen:

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meaning badge coins.Athenian coins fall under their own category – Wappanmuzen – because we see so many varying motifs: animals, geometric shapes, and the triskeles (the legged wheel).10. Ethnic

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11. Drachma

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– 5th c. coins, Athenian Owls and later Wreathed coins after the defeat of the Persians in 480 BCMultiples (didrachm, tetradrachm, decadrachm).

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12. Fractions (hemidrachm, obol) –

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Coins.Alexander the Great – coins

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.13. Daric:

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(521-486 BC) golden coins minted in Persia bearing Daris.

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14. Cistophorus coins, Pergamon:

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the standard type of coin in Pergamon. It beared the ‘cista’ (a chest / box) associated with divinity, goodwill and abundance.

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15. Charon's obol:

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coins placed in burials; non-economic use of coins.

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16. Mast-step coins:

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silver coin placed in mast-step as a commemorative act and offering of the construction of the building/ship. About a dozen examples exist of this. Almost exclusively Roman – mimics the practice of the Roman home: placing a coin under the home – a ‘first fruit offering.’ Non-economic use of coins.

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Golden Larnax from Aigai

Golden - Precious Metal - whoever was in it was important - Don’t know if Phillip II or III but don’t knowBurial Chamber for BonesPut in Tomb in Late 4th CentMacedonian Royal FamilySun Motif on Lid -- Emblem of Macedonian Dynasty

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Stag Hunt

Artist: Gnosis- Signedc. 300 BCPella - Capital of MacedoniaDetail Pebble Floor MosaicFirst known signature of MosaisistSmall Figured panel in middle (surrounded by dense foliage) is “EMBLEMA” (featured picture ornament in mosaic work) Page 323

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Alexander the Great Mosaic in Pompeii

House of the Faun in PompeiiBattle of Issus between Greeks and PersiansConfrontation between Alexander and DariusMaterials Glass and StoneFloor Mosaic c. 100 BCBelieved to be copy of early 3rd century BC painting 310 BC

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The Asklepion at Kos

Terraced; Romans inherit this from the Hellenistic GreeksBuilt 4th and 3rd CenturiesHealing Temple Sacred to God of Medicine: Asklepios1st Level: Medical SchoolVisitors Rooms, Offerings2nd Level: Hydrotherapy, thermal baths; Stoa on one side, Ionic temple on other3rd Level - Doric Temple of Asklepios surrounded by Stoa on 3 sides

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Drunken Old Woman

Clutching Wine Jug or LagynosArtist MyronGood example of changes in Pose characteristic of Hellenistic Period - lot of contortion, twisting, sitting, lying down,Fascination with Death, Pain, Suffering, Struggle; Genre - depicts real lifeMay Have Had Social Status - Hair Neat; clothing reflects fashions of the timeRejected by someone; distress clothing falling off is not erotic, but sympathetic

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Demosthenes by Polyeuktos

Roman Marble Copy of Bronze Portrait Statue - Athensc. 280BCPsychological PortraitEarly Attempt to Create Recognizable LikenessArms lowered Hands claspedPose is hesitant; mood nervousReveal Demosthenes Introverted and Anxious State of Mind

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Aphrodite of Melos/Venus de Milo

Marblec. 125 - 75 BCFound on Island of MelosNow in LouvreMost famous for missing arms S curve of her bodyAlexandros of AntiochHellenistic Notes; Classical Influence

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South Italian Naiskos Volute Krater

Naiskos (funerary shrine) Scene - Funerary sceneApulian Volute Krater;Equivalent of white/brown Lethikosfeatures gazebo; deceased seated on chair Richard Elia- developed systematic inventory of South Italian VasesGold - Volutes with FacesRed Figure c 380-370BC Page 319

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Olympias

TriremeEyes, nameplates, painted figureheads and various ornaments were used to show the wealth of the patrician and to make the ship frightening to the enemy. Oars on Side (3-4 banks)

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Kyrenia ship's hull reconstructed

Merchant ShipLate 4th Cent343 Rhodian Amphoras· 60% of hull survived.Hellenistic – trades – Rhodes, Cyprus, EgyptWooden bowls, spoons, jugs in sets of 4Cargo of almondsRhodian amphoras are stamped – images29 millstones 2 part cargo for ballastReconstructed – Hull of mortise and tenon joinery construction

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Alonnesos site plan

Greek Island in SporadesAlso known as Chora420- 400 BC1000 Amphoras found in two or more layersEstimated cargo 125 tonsLots of Attic Black Glaze PotteryPartially excavated - 1992 - 1993Voyage originated in Athens

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Kizilburun column wreck

Kizilburun (Turkey) 1st c BCDiscovered 1993; Excavated 2005 - 201160 ton cargo of Proconnesian marbleStone carved into circular drums 8 Greeks use drums more than Romans -Colored marbles, granites, porphyritesIt was a capital – echinus measurement matched smallest drum; drums – newly quarried; Pedestal probably for basinsBasin with 4Pediment with rosette – missed the beginning of this partBronze coin – probable issue of Kyzikos (ears of corn or wheat )o Lots of Hellenstic ceramics – bowls,o Amhoras – only about 20 or so – but all looked alike – Lambogliaso Partial Egyptian bitronconique amphora – if it is from this wreck – does it belong to this cargo or tossed from passing ship?o Herm figurine – (spelling)o 8 marble slabs lined up end to end under the drums on one side;o Marble from Proconnesos – So ship originated at island of Proconnesos –§ Looked for temple with matching column§ Temple of Apollo at Claros, Turkey

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Site Plan of Pergamum

TerracedChief rival for Alexandria Library - 2000 scrolls - one of the great cultural cities of Hellenistic PeriodAlso called Attalid DynastyTHeater in side of mountainGymnasiumStoaBarracksPergamon: silver, cattle, goats, parchment, textiles – Romans liked the area

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Pergemum

OrthogonolGridded at RIght AnglesNot your typical Greek City - Upper and LowerGymnasium at Agora – upper city has Temple of Athena and a Theatre and the Great AltarTheatre ! Amazing on the slopes with viewValley behind

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Great Altar of Pergamon

Great Altar foundations – sculpture is in Berlin – square in plan;Wings with 7 foot tall fFrieze – ascending staircase – enclosure wall Such high relief you could almost put arms aroundGreat Feature is the Gigantomachy – battle of gods vs. giants; where rational thought begins. o Powerful heavy figures – powerful drapery, powerful hair – expressions are in keeping with Hellenistic interest in pain – open mouths =Rippling muscles – very pronouncedFacial expressions – looking sky, deepset eyes; lots of twisting, theatricalWrithing, swirling drapery

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Head of Odysseus from Sperlonga (Italy)

Legacy of Pergamene Baroque:Comes from villa/grotto at Sperlonga (map)- was imperial residence of Tiberius (14 – 37 AD) In the 20s he left Rome and went to Sperlonga to live; Grotto residence – right on coast· Sperlonga comes from Speluncum= Cave –· · Had a dining room set in cave that opened onto sea that spilled out on fish pond·Have account from someone: talks about Pretorian guard who saves life of Tiberius when part of cave falls on himInside the grotto – excavated by germans and Italians – bits of sculpture – reconstruction of grotto (image) – show scenes from Odyssey – shipwreck of Odysseus Image: Head of Odysseus from Sperlonga – cap – excellent example of Pergamene Baroque style – open eyes, open mouth, deep set, hooded eyes; hair, beard, wiry,

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Frieze Great Altar of Pergamon (detail)

High, High ReliefGreat Feature is the Gigantomachy - battle of gods vs. giants - Rational thought BeginsRippling MusclesPowerful heavy figures – powerful drapery, powerful hair expressions are in keeping with Hellenistic interest in pain open mouthsFacial expressions – looking sky, deepset eyes; lots of twisting, theatricalWrithing, swirling draperyimage of athena (on other side is image of zeus)

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The Laocoon found in Rome (Italy)

Baroque - Discovered in Rome Palace built by NeroLaocoon – discovered in Rome Domus Aurea – palace built by Nero 54 – 68o Sculpture discovered when Michaelangelo happened to be there =-Suffering/Agony/Fear shown through faces and writhing contortions; Loaoon – priest says don’t bring Horse into gates – don’t trust Greeks with Gifts - Serpents come from sea and grab him and his two sons and wash him out to seaNot sure if original or copy – Pliny the Elder writes about the sculpture being in palace of Emperor Titus – sculpted from single block – but this one is 7 pieces – back is uncarved – typical of Roman because they liked to set things in niches; credits sculpture to 3 artists: Agesander, Polydorus, Athenodorus – natives of Rhodes – signed by them – but the one we have isn’t signed. However, they signed the Sperlonga statues

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Electrum coin hoard from the Artemision at Ephesus (600? BC)

Electrum is Alloy of Gold 20% SilverEarliest evidence of coinageMany early coins made of naturally occurring alloy called electrummixture of silver and gold in different proportions and shows up in rivers often in western Turkey had to pan for electrumUsually had to mine for materials like gold and silver

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A gold Persian Daric, in production 500 - 330 BC Non-Greek: Daric gold coin named after Persian King Darius(521-486 BC)Featured archer (king) on obverse Rectangular punch on reserveMinted in Persia until conquest by Alexander the Great; Known to have been in circulation by 500 BC, we know only tablet bears imprint of Daric coin – maker sealed or around about 150 years because of a Cuneiform tablet found atPersepolis in heart of Persian empire dated to 22nd year of Darius’s reignAuthorized it with impression of coinWe don’t even have a Daric coin, just the impression made with it on the tabletReminder that coins form ancient world can’t actually date things by themselves

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Early electrum coins (600-575 BC)

Animal motifs reflect city statesSee previous slideSome feature animal motifs, that also show up on later coins associated with Greek city statesSeal – Phokis/Phokia

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Athenian tetradrachm (after 480 BC)

Shows a wreathed owl: symbolizes the victory of Greeks over the Persians at Battle of SalamisGreek lettering on the side: Alpha Theta EpsilonOwl symbol of AthenaValue of ancient coins intrinsic rather than assignedonly value in the metal is how much it weight1 tetradrachm = 4 drachmsValue of a drachma depends on regional standard

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Charon's obol

Coins placed in the mouths of the deadCharon the ferryman of the deadImportant because it represents a non economic use of moneyWorth ⅙ of a drachmaConsidered a viaticum: provision for a journey