Greece

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Aegean Sea

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Located on the east shore of Greece between the mainland and Asia Minor.

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Black Sea

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Located north of the Aegean through the Bosporus Strait.

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Bronze Age

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Age between 2100 and 1200 B.C.

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Minoan Civilization

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Flourished from 2700 B.C. until 1450 B.C. on the Island of Crete.

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Mycenae

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A fortified monarchy that flourished between 1600 B.C. and 1100 B.C.

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Homer

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Blind poet who is given credit for authoring both epics Iliad and Odyssey.

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Ionia

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Located in present day Turkey was a colony of Athens and home of the fabled city Troy.

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Epic Poem

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A poem that extends past the normal length or scope.

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Iliad

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Epic poem by Homer about the Trojan War.

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Odyssey

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Epic poem about the return home from the Trojan War by King Agamemnon.

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Arete

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Greek for excellence.

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Polis

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Greek city-state.

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Acropolis

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A fortified hill at the center of a polis.

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Agora

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An open area usually with a roof where people could assemble for meetings and market.

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Hoplites

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Heavily armed infantry soldiers.

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Phalanx

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A military unit that marched shoulder to shoulder in rectangular formation.

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Hellespont

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The first of the straits between the Aegean and Black Sea.

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Bosporus

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The second of the straits between the Aegean and Black Sea.

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Byzantium

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The city on the Asia side of the Bosporus Strait.

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Tyrant

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Ruler who gained power by force in ancient Greece.

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Democracy

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Government in which the people hold ruler power.

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Oligarchy

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Government ruled by a few people.

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Sparta

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Greek city-state on the Peloponnesian Peninsula.

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Helots

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Messenians and Laconians captured and enslaved by the Spartans.

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Ephors

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Spartan committee who were responsible for day to day running government while Kings led the army.

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Athens

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City-state on Attica Peninsula which became one of the strongest in Greece.

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Solon

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When Athens was on the brink of civil war because of economic turmoil the aristocracy turned the government over to Solon who was the first tyrant.

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Peisistratus

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An aristocrat tyrant who seized power in 560 B.C. who gave land back to the peasants.

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Cleisthenes

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Another reformer who became tyrant and created a committee of 500 that supervised foreign affairs, oversaw the treasury, and proposed laws.

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Asia Minor

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Territory, which is, present day turkey and became part of the Persian Empire in 450 B.C. (Ionia was located in Asia Minor).

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Darius I

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King of Persian Empire who was angered by Athens aiding Ionia in it’s rebellion against his empire and went to war with them.

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Xerxes

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Son of Darius I who was determined revenge his father’s loss to the Greeks at the Battle of Marathon.

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Delian League

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Alliance put together by Athens of Greek city-states who were democracies to provide “war chest” in the event Persian War occurred again.

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Pericles

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Tyrant who led Athens to a more extended democracy and ruled during the “golden age.”

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Direct Democracy

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Every male citizen of Athens participated in decision making through mass meetings.

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Ostracism

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Sending away a ambitious politician who was seen as a threat to the majority.

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Peloponnesian War

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Sparta and its allies feared the growing Athenian Empire and a series of disputes finally led to open war.

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Thebes

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City-state that challenged Athens and Sparta for Greek control after Peloponnesian War.

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Macedonia

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A Kingdom north of Greece who began to conquer the Greek city-states after the Peloponnesian War weakened them.

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Olympus

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Greece’s highest mountain where the 12 major Gods lived.

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Oracle

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A medium who lived at a sacred shrine and delivered the future to a priest or priestess.

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Delphi

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The most famous sacred shrine where the oracle and many city-states had a temple located. It was on the side of Mt. Parnassus on the Gulf of Corinth.

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Rituals

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Ceremonies or rites practice for religious reasons.

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Drama

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Theatrical performance.

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Tragedies

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Play where evil acts breed other evil acts and suffering.

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Aeschylus

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Wrote the first tragedy of Oresteia, which was a trilogy relating the fate of Agamemnon a hero in the Trojan War.

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Sophocles

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Great Athenian playwright who authored Oedipus Rex.

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Euripides

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Third of the Athenian dramatist who wrote more realistic tragedies.

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Herodotus

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The first to present history as a systematic analysis of past events and is considered THE FATHER OF HISTORY.

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Thucydides

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One of the greatest historians of the ancient world. He was general in the Athenian army and wrote its history.

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Philosophy

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Refers to organized systematic thought (Greek word meaning love of wisdom).

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Pythagoras

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Taught that essence of the universe could be found in numbers.

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Sophists

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Believed in the importance of rhetoric and didn’t care about right or wrong but in the argument for arguments sake.

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Socrates

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Believed the goal of education was only to improve the individual.

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Socratic Method

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Teaching method of question and answer format that leads the pupil to see things for themselves.

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Plato

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One of Socrates’ students who wrote about reality. Believed ideal real forms make reality for the trained mind. Wrote about government in his book The Republic which said individuals could not achieve good life unless they live in a rational state.

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Aristotle

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Student of Plato but was more of a realist than Plato and believed studying recorded observations.

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Philip II

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King of Macedonia who began conquering or bringing Greek city-states under his control.

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Alexander the Great

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Son of Philip II who became King of Macedonia on the death of his father. He was tutored by Aristotle and at 19 became leader of an army that would conquer the Persian Empire.

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Alexandria

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Alexander built this city as the Greek capital of Egypt.

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Hellenistic

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To imitate Greeks and described an age that saw Greek expansion in language and ideas.

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Pergamum

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One of the kingdoms in western Asia that was conquered by Alexander the Great.

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Eratosthenes

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An astronomer who calculated the earths circumference to within 185 miles of the actual figure.

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Euclid

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Wrote Elements, a textbook on plane geometry.

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Epicureanism

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Believed that human beings were free to follow their own self interest in pursuit of pleasure which was the only true good.

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Archimedes

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Invented the mathematical constant of pi and invented the pulley.

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Stoicism

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School of thought that believed one could only be happy living in harmony with the will of God and therefore could bear whatever life offered.