Gre Psych - Clinical/abnormal Theories/people

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Psychoanalytic Theory - Originator?

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Sigmund Freud

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Psychoanalytic Theory - Organization of the mind

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A topographic model in which the conscious is acknowledged and the unconscious is unacknowledged

Later Freud revised to a structural model with the Ego, Id, and Superego as separate components

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Psychoanalytic Theory -
View of Abnormality

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Abnormality is psychically determined: Repressed/unconscious drives and conflicts become manifested through dreams/pathological behavior/unconscious behavior

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Psychoanalytic Theory - Therapy and Therapeutic Goal

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Psychoanalysis using hypnosis, free association, catharsis, transference (from unhealthy object to healthy object)

Goal is to reduce unconscious pressures by making this stuff conscious

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Psychoanalytic Theory -
Criticism

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Developed using "single case studies", not developed scientifically.

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Repressions/Denial, Rationalization, Projection, Displacement, Reaction Formation, Compensation, Sublimination, Identification, Undoing, Contertransference, and Dreams are what?

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Types of defense mechanisms used by the ego to protect from threatening unconscious material

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The two competing processes discussed in Psychoanalytic theory

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Pleasure principle (primary process)
Reality principle (secondary process)

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Individual Theory -
Originator

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Alfred Adler - a psychoanalytic colleague of Freud who broke away

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Individual Theory -
View of person & Motivation

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People are creative, social, whole
People are motivated by social needs and feelings of inferiority.
Healthy people have a "will to power" which is beneficial to society.

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Individual Theory -
View of Abnormality

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People haven't overcome feelings of inferiority, have a "yes, but" mentality. People's goals are self-serving.

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Individual Theory -
Therapy and Theraputic Goal

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Examination of person's goals/motivation/perceptions/resources

Reduce feelings of inferiority, foster social interest, increase social contribution

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Individual Theory -
Criticism

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Alderian therapy is best for non-pathological people searching for growth.

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Alder's personality types

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Dominant type (choleric): High activity, low social contribution
Dependent type (phlegmatic) - low activity, high social contrib. Withdrawn type (melancholic) - low activity, low social contrib.
Healthy type (sanguine) - high activity, high social contribution

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Analytic Theory - Originator

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Carl Gustav Jung - Freud's beloved student disagreed w Freud's emphasis on sex drive

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Analytic Theory -
Psyche Motivation and Divisions

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Each person has psyche which is motivated by "live / awareness"

Psyche is divided into conscious and two types of unconscious.

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Analytic Theory -
Psyche's Two Types of Unconscious

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Personal unconscious - experience based, can become conscious

Collective unconscious - inherited from ancestors, common w all people, contains archetypes

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Analytic Theory -
Five Archetypes

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Persona - a person's outer mask
Shadow - a person's dark side (often projected on others)
Anima - a man's female elements which complement his "maleness"
Animus - a woman's male elements which complement her "femaleness"
Self - full individual potential, symbolized by Buddha, Jesus, "mandala"

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Analytic Theory -
Mandala Definition

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A symbol in culture/dreams that respresents desire for whole/completeness

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Analytic Theory -
View of Abnormality

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Caused by something wrong w psyche.

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Analytic Theory -
Therapy and Therapeutic Goal

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Therapy is psychodynamic - unconscious elements are brought forward through analysis of dreams, artwork, personal symbols

Goal is to become more aware and closer to full potential

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Analytic Theory -
Criticism

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Too mystical or spiritual (i.e. not scientific)

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Client-Centered Theory -
Originator

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Carl Rogers, humanist

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Client-Centered Theory -
View of people

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Optimistic view of people, individuals have an "actualizing tendency" to reach toward their full potential

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Client-Centered Theory -
View of abnormality

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People who "lack congruence" btw real self & self concept

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Client-Centered Theory -
Therapy (Four elements)

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Non-directive
Empathy
Unconditional positive regard
Genuineness/congruence btw therapist and client

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Client-Centered Theory -
Therapeutic Goals (Five)

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Provide a trusting atmosphere
Congruent self-concept
Positive self-regard
Internal locus-of-evaluation
Willingness to experience

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Client-Centered Theory -
Criticism

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Rogers uses no diagnostic tools, believes that client-centered therapy can be applied to any psych. problem

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Behavior Theory -
Originators

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Skinner, Pavlov, Watson

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Behavior Theory -
Radical vs Neobehaviorism

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Radical - Skinner's ideas that everything is behavior (external/internal) and is related only to consequences

Neo- uses Pavlov's classical counter-conditioning to reteach behavior

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Behavior Theory -
Therapy & Therapeutic Goal

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Goal - change behavior
Therapy - short-term directed, uses counterconditioning techniques

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Behavior Theory -
Counter-conditioning Techniques & Theory Origin

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Systematic desensitization - classical cond.
Flooding/Implosive therapy - classical cond.
Aversion therapy - operant cond.
Shaping - operant cond.
Modeling - social learning
Assertiveness training - classical
Role Playing

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Behavior Theory -
Success and Criticism

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Successful w phobias, OCD, fetishes, sexual problems, childhood disorders

May be treating symptoms (ignoring underlying problems)

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Cognitive Theory -
Originator

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Aaron Beck

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Cognitive Theory -
View of people

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People are influenced by conscious thought patterns, perception of experience is more important that actual experience

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Cognitive Theory -
Abnormality

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caused by maladaptive cognition

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Cognitive Theory -
Arbitrary inference
Overgeneralization
Magnifying/minimizing
Personalizing
Dichotomous thinking

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arb - drawing conclusions w/out real/solid evidence
overgen - isolated incidents viewed as norm
mag/min - making too little or too much of something
pers - inappropriately taking responsibility
dichoto - seeing everything as black and white

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Cognitive Theory -
Negative triad

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Depression caused by this

Negativity about self, the world, and future (measured by BDI)

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Cognitive Theory -
Therapy / Goal / Criticisms

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Goal - correct maladaptive thinking

Therapy - directed, short-term, expose and restructure maladaptive thought, evidence of logic

Criticism - addresses what people think not necessarily why, doesn't deal w cause

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Rational Emotive Theory -
Originator

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Albert Ellis

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Rational Emotive Theory -
What it includes

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includes elements of cognitive, behavioral, and emotional theory

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Rational Emotive Theory -
View of abnormality (ABC)

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There is an (A)ctivating event, client applies certain (B)eliefs about event, leads to (C)onsequence of emotional disruption

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Rational Emotive Theory -
Therapy (D) / Goal (E)

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Therapy is directive, leads client to (D)ispute irrational beliefs

Goal is for (E)ffective rational beliefs to replace self-defeating beliefs so thoughts/feelings/behaviors coexist properly

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Rational Emotive Theory -
Criticism

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Too sterile and mechanistic

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Gestalt Theory -
Originators

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Perls, Wertheimer, & Koffka

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Gestalt Theory -
View of people

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Healthy people stand apart from past, "fully experience and perceive present"

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Gestalt Theory -
View of abnormality

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Disturbance of awareness, don't have insight about experience, don't acknowledge/fully experience present

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Gestalt Theory -
Therapy / Goal

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Dialogue w client, focus on here-and-now

Exploration of awareness and full experiencing of the present

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Gestalt Theory -
Criticism

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Not appropriate for low-functioning or disturbed clients

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Existential Theory -
Originator/Contributor

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Victor Frankl originated; Rollo May contributed

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Existential Theory -
View of people

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People struggle w being vs. nonbeing, meaningfulness vs. nonmeaningfulness

People strive towards genuine/meaningful existence

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Existential Theory -
View of abnormality

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People experience neurosis or neurotic anxiety when faced with their own perceived meaninglessness

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Existential Theory -
Therapy / Goal

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Talking therapy w deep questions about perception and meaning of existence

Goal is to increase client's sense of being and meaningfulness

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Existential Theory -
Criticism

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Too abstract for severly disturbed individuals

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Biological Theory -
View of people

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People's behavior is at least partially controlled by biology and neuro-chemicals called neurotransmitters

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Biological Theory -
Abnormality / Therapy

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Caused by biological problems, chemical imbalances

Can be treated through medications which alter effects/amounts of monoamines

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Biological Theory -
Three main monoamines

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Dopamine, serontonin, norepinephrine

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Biological Theory -
Five main categories of psychotropic drugs

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Antipsychotics - used for schizophrenia (blocks dopamine)
Antimanics - used for bipolar (inhibit serotonin/neropinephrine)
Antidepressents - reduce depression (increase serotonin)
Anxiolytics - reduce anxiety, induce sleep (increase GABA, pretty addictive)
Antabuse - used for alcoholism, induces nausea when combined w alcohol

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Biological Theory -
Goal / Criticism

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To provide relief from symptoms of psychopathology

Take away symptoms but don't fix environment

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Hans Eyesenck is know for....

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Studies of psychotherapy which questioned whether they were any more effective than no treatment (other have dis-confirmed his results)

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Anna Freud is know for...

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applying Freudian ideas to child psych and development

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Melanie Klein is know for...

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pioneering object-relations theory and psychoanalysis of children

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Famous Neo-Freudians

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Karen Horney - emphasized culture/society over instinct, neuroticism is movement towards/away/against other people

Harry Sullivan - emphasized social/interpersonal relationships

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Abraham Maslow is know for...

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Hierarchy of needs :

Self-actualization
Esteem/recognition
Belonging/love/acceptance
Safety/security/stability
Physiological needs

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Donald Meichenbaum is know for...

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Developing stress-inoculation training

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Neil Miller is know for...

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scientifically proving that abnormality can be learned

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Stanley Hall is know for...

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founding the American Psychological Association (APA) in 1892.

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Purpose of the APA

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to advance psych as a science, profession, and means of promoting human welfare

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Applied Psychology is...

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the branch of psych that uses principles/research to solve people's problems (i.e. relationships, schools, organizations, etc.)

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Community Psychology is...

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a intervention approach in which psych is taken to the community via community centers/schools so people don't have to come to clinics/universities, seeks to reach poor/neediest people