Gre Psych 3 (Learning)

Front 1

E.L Thorndike suggested _______

Back 1

law of effect, which was the precursor of operant conditioning. The law of effect postulated a cause and effect chain of behavior revolving around reinforcement. Individuals do what rewards them and stop doing what doesn't bring some reward

Front 2

John B. Watson (what'd he do)

Back 2

Expanded the ideas of Pavlov and founded the school of behaviorism. Watson's idea of learning, like his idea of all behavior, was that everything could be explained by stimulus response chains and that conditioning was the key factor in developing these chains. Only objective and observable elements were of importance to organisms and to psychology

Front 3

Neutral stimulus

Back 3

a stimulus that does not produce a specific response on its own. In Pavlov's experiment, this was the light before he conditioned a response to it

Front 4

simultaneous conditioning

Back 4

the UCS and CS presented at the same time

Front 5

Higher order conditioning/second order conditioning

Back 5

a conditioning technique in which a previous CS (the light with the salivation) now acts as the UCS (food in the previous experiment). maybe the light with the bell, and then the bell would create saliva

Front 6

delayed conditioning

Back 6

the presentation of CS begins before that of the UCS and lasts until the UCS is presented

Front 7

trace conditioning

Back 7

the CS stimulus is presented and terminated before the UCS is presented

Front 8

Backward conditioning

Back 8

The CS is presented after the UCS is presented. For Pavlov's dogs, they would have been presented with the food and then the light. This has proven to be ineffective; inhibitory conditioning...dogs would have had a hard time pairing

Front 9

operant/instrumental conditioning

Back 9

BF Skinner

Aims to influence a response through various reinforcement strategies.

Front 10

shaping (operant conditioning)

aka: differential reinforcement of successive approximations

Back 10

Experimenter awarded the rats (with food pellets) for even being near the lever and then rewarded them again for touching the lever.

Front 11

Primary reinforcement

Back 11

A natural reinforcement..something that is reinforcing n its own without the requirement of learning. Food and water are primary reinforcers

Front 12

secondary reinforcement

Back 12

a learned reinforcer. Money is the perfect example. Learned through society, typically. Prestige, awards and tokens also work

Front 13

Continuous reinforcement schedule

Back 13

in this schedule, every correct response is met with some form of reinforcement. This type of reinforcement strategy facilitates the quickest learning, but also the most fragile learning; as soon as the rewards stop coming, the animal stops performing

Front 14

partial reinforcement schedules are ________

Back 14

the most resistant to extinction

Front 15

fixed ratio schedule (partial reinforcement)

Back 15

reinforcement is delivered after a consistent number of responses

Front 16

Variable ratio schedule (partial reinforcement)

Back 16

learning takes most time to occur, but unlikely to become extinguished. reinforcements are delivered on different number of correct responses...like slot machine

Front 17

fixed interval schedule (partial reinforcement)

Back 17

rewards come after the passage of a certain period of time rather than number of behavior

Front 18

variable interval schedule (partial reinforcement)

Back 18

rewards are delivered after differing time periods. Second most effective strategy of maintaining behavior. Waiting for a bus is a good example

Front 19

exploratory drive (motivation)

Back 19

experiments have shown that individuals are motivated simply to try something new

Front 20

Heider, Osgood, Tannenbaum, and Festinger (cog diss) all agree that _______

Back 20

what drives people is a desire to be balanced with respect to their feelings, ideas, or behaviors

Front 21

Edward Tolman proposed...

Back 21

that Performance=expectation x value....(expectancy value theory)

Front 22

Victor Vroom applied ______ theory to individual behavior in large organizations

Back 22

expectancy value theory

Front 23

Henry murry and David McClelland studied....

Back 23

the possibility that people are motivated by a need for achievement (nAch)

Front 24

John Atkinson suggested a theory of motivation in which ______

Back 24

people who set realistic goals with intermediate risk sets feel pride with accomplishment, and want to succeed more than they fear failure. But because success is so important, these people are unlikely to set unrealistic or risky goals to persist when success is unlikely

Front 25

Neil Miller proposed the ____

Back 25

approach-avoidance conflict (refers to the state one feels when a certain goal has both pros and cons)..the one further is from the goal, the more on focuses on the pros and reasons to approach the goal. The closer one is to the goal, the more one focuses on the cons and the reasons to avoid

Front 26

Hedonism

Back 26

individuals are motivated solely by what brings the most pleasure nd the least pain

Front 27

Premack principle

Back 27

the idea that people are motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterward with something they like to do

Front 28

Donal Hebb postulated that...

Back 28

a medium amount of arousal is before for performance (also the Yerkes-Dodson effect)

Front 29

Stimulus discrimination

Back 29

refers to the ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli. Phone ringing or ice cream truck

Front 30

Perceptual or concept learning

Back 30

refers to learning about something in general rather than learning specific stimulus response chains

Front 31

autonomic conditioning

Back 31

refers to evoking responses of the autonomic nervous system through training

Front 32

state dependent learning

Back 32

refers to the concept that what a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state

Front 33

chaining

Back 33

the act of linking together a series of behaviors that ultimately result in reinforcement

Front 34

habituation

Back 34

the decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus as a result of increasing familiarity with the stimulus

Front 35

Bobo doll

Back 35

in this study, children who watched adults physically abuse a blowup doll in a playful room proceeded to to the same during their playtime with Bobo....children who did not witness the aggravation did not play this way

Front 36

Preparedness

Back 36

John Garcia...discovered that animals are programmed through evolution to make certain connections (like nausea to food)...Garcia effect is me with pneumonia

Front 37

Who created the first educational psych textbook

Back 37

Thorndike

Front 38

Scaffolding learning

Back 38

occurs when a teacher encourages a student to learn independently and only provides assistance with topics that are beyond the child's capability

Front 39

Hermann Ebbinghaus discovered ______

Back 39

the learning curve (dealing with the rate of learning)