Grayson Pals Chapter 2 Respiratory

Front 1

Oxygen consumption in infants is __ to __ mL/kg

Back 1

6 to 8 mL/kg

adults: 3 to 4

Front 2

Inadequate arterial blood oxygenation?

Back 2

Hypoxemia

Front 3

inadequate oxygenation?

Back 3

Hypercarbia

Front 4

A room air SpO2 of ____ in a normal child indicated hypoxia.

Back 4

<94%

Front 5

hypoxia?

Back 5

Oxygen delivery to the tissues is inadequate.

Front 6

Hypoxemic hypoxia

Back 6

arterial oxygen saturation in reduced

Front 7

Anemic hypoxia

Back 7

arterial 02 SATURATION IS NORML BUT TOTAL O2 CONTENT IS REDUCED by a low hemoglobin count.

Front 8

Ischemic hyposia

Back 8

Blood flow to the tissues is too low.

Front 9

Histotoxic (cytotoxic) hypoxia?

Back 9

When the tissues are not able to use the O2 being delivered to it. (ie: cyanide or carbon monoxide poisoning)

Front 10

The quantity of oxygen bound to hemoglobin plus unbound (disolved) oxygen in the arterial blood is called?

Back 10

Arterial oxygen content

Front 11

[1.36 x Hgb concentration x SaO2] + (0.003 x PaO2)

Back 11

Arterial oxygen content

Front 12

An increase in dissolved oxygen can substantially increase ________ content in a child with severe anemia

Back 12

arterial oxygen

Front 13

Increased Co2 tension (PaCO2) in the blood is called ?

Back 13

Hypercarbia

Front 14

Requires invasive measures to confirm?

Back 14

Hypercarbia

Front 15

A child with inadequate ventilation typically presents with tachpnea to attempt to eliminate excessive CO2. An exception to this is?

Back 15

drugs or impaired CNS

Front 16

Consequences of inadequate ventilation become more severe as the partial pressure of ____ in the blood rises and respiratory ______ worsens

Back 16

CO2
acidosis

Front 17

If the pulse oximeter indicates 100% saturation _____ can still be inpaired.

Back 17

ventilation

Front 18

It a child demonstrates a decreased level of consciousness despite adequate O2, you should suspect that ventilation is inadequate and that _____ and ____ may be present

Back 18

hypercarbia and respiratory acidosis

Front 19

Factors that contribute to increased work of breathing are?

Back 19

increased airway resistance and
decreased lung compliance.

Front 20

The effectiveness of respiration is also affected by muscle tone, ___, ____ and _____

Back 20

strength, coordination and by the CNS control

Front 21

Airway resistance is primarily increased by _________?

Back 21

reduction in the size of the airways (either constriction or inflammation)

Front 22

The large and medium sized airways provide ____ resistance than the small airways?

Back 22

greater

Front 23

The large and medium sized airway provide greater airway resistance than the small airway due to ___?

Back 23

The total of the larger airways is smaller than the small airway area.

Front 24

In turbulant airflow, resistance is inversely proportional to the ____ power of the radius of the airway lumen?

Back 24

fifth

Front 25

Compliance refers to the ____, _____ or _____?

Back 25

distensibility (stiffness) of the lung, chest wall, or both.

Front 26

_____ is defined as the change in the lung volume produced by a change in driving pressure across the lung.

Back 26

Lung Compliance

Front 27

Work of breathing increases in an attempt to maintain airflow despite ___?

Back 27

decreased lung compliance.

Front 28

Compliance varies within the lung according to the degree of _____?

Back 28

lung inflation

Front 29

Extrapulmonary conditions that cause decreased compliance are ____ and ____?

Back 29

pneumothorax and pleural effusion

Front 30

Intrapulmonary conditions that cause decreased compliance are ___ and ___?

Back 30

pneumonia and inflammatory lung disease.

Front 31

These conditions are associated with an increase in water content in the interstitial space and aveoli.

Back 31

Inflammatory lung disease (ARDS) fibrosis.

Front 32

When lung compliance is reduced, maximum inspiratory effort may not produce adequate tidal volume because ?

Back 32

Marked inspiratory retractions of the chest wall limit lung expansion

Front 33

Seesaw breathing seen with neuromuscular weakness is due to _____?

Back 33

week chest wall and week respiratory muscles, that makes breathing and coughing ineffective.

Front 34

Expiration may become an active process in the presence of _____?

Back 34

increased lower airway resistance

Front 35

In acute asthma the diaphragm may become _____?

Back 35

flattened

Front 36

Breathing is controlled by complex mechanisms involving _____, _____ and _____

Back 36

*Brainstemb respiratory centers
*central and peripheral chemoreceptors
*Voluntary control

Front 37

Spontaneous breathing is controlled by a group of respiratory centers located in the brainstem. It is regulated by input from _____ and _____?

Back 37

central and peripheral chemoreceptors

Front 38

Central chemoreceptors respond to changes in the __________ of cerebrospinal fluid

Back 38

hydrogen ion concentration

Front 39

Central chemoreceptors respond to changes in the Hydrogen ion concentration of cerebrospinal fluid. And is largely determined by the level of ____?

Back 39

arterial CO2 (PaCO2)

Front 40

Peripheral chemoreceptors (carotid body) respond primarily to a fall in the _____ but some will respond to a _____ in the PaCO2.

Back 40

arterial CO2 (PaCO2)

rise

Front 41

Voluntary control of breathing comes from the ______?

Back 41

Cerebral cortex

Front 42

Respiratory failure is a clinical state of inadequate _____, _____ or ____

Back 42

inadequate oxygenation, ventilation or both.

Front 43

Respiratory failure may require an ________ analysis, which may not be readily available.

Back 43

arterial blood gas

Front 44

When respiratory effort is inadequate _______ may occur without typical signs of respiratory distress.

Back 44

respiratory failure.

Front 45

Respiratory distress can be classified as _____, _____, ______, or ______.

Back 45

upper airway
lower airway
lung tissue disease
disordered control of breathing

Front 46

Clinical signs of upper airway obstruction?

Back 46

tachypnea, increases inspiratory effort, changes in voice, stridor, poor chest rise, poor air entry.

Front 47

clinical signs of lower airway obstruction include?

Back 47

Tachypnea, wheezing, increases respiratory effort, prolonged experation, cough

Front 48

A term given to a heterogeneous (diverse) group of clinical conditions that affect the substance of the lung.

Back 48

Parenchymal

Front 49

Disordered control of breathing is typically associated with conditions that impair neurologic function, these children will also have a ________?

Back 49

depressed level of consciousness.