Grammatical Outline

Front 1

What does studying grammar enable us to do?

Back 1

speak and write correctly, clearly, and elegantly and to recognize the same qualities in others

Front 2

What does studying a foreign language force us to do?

Back 2

to see and to ponder the different ways in which things can be and have been said

Front 3

Greek is a highly in______ language.

Back 3

inflected

Front 4

Why is the order of words in Greek not important to tell a story?

Back 4

the inflections tell the story

Front 5

What are the eight parts of speech in the English language?

Back 5

1.noun
2. pronoun
3. adjective
4. verb
5. adverb
6. preposition
7. conjunction
8. interjection.

Front 6

How many parts of speech does the Greek language have?

Back 6

EIGHT
1. noun
2. pronoun
3. verb
4. adverb
5. article
6. participle
7. preposition
8. conjunction

Front 7

What is a noun?

Back 7

the name of a thing, anything that can be given a name

Front 8

How is a noun described in Greek?

Back 8

as a word that has case, number, and gender

Front 9

What is CASE DECLENSION?

Back 9

tells what part a noun is playing in a sentence

Front 10

What differs English and Greek in the way they show the relationship between a noun and other words in a sentence?

Back 10

english: prepositional phrases and word order

greek: cases

Front 11

How does Greek further define "noun-other words in sentence" relationships?

Back 11

greek also has prepositions used with the cases to further define relationships

Front 12

Why does Greek also have prepositions used with cases?

Back 12

it would be impossible to have a separate case for every possible relationship a noun can have with the other members of a sentence

Front 13

What are the four Greek cases?

Back 13

1. Nominative
2. Genitive
3. Dative
4. Accusative

Front 14

Nominative

Back 14

for the subject of a sentence

Front 15

Genitive

Back 15

for one noun depending on another noun in relationships for which we use the preposition OF(
such as possession or origin); or the preposition FROM (for seperation)

Front 16

Dative

Back 16

for the indirect object and other relations for which we use TO and FOR

for the locative (the place at which a thing is located: BY, AT, IN, ON, etc.)

for the instrumental (the means BY which, the manner IN which)

Front 17

Accusative

Back 17

for the direct object of the verb

for the end of motion (TO,INTO)

Front 18

What is the fifth case in Greek?

Back 18

the vocative

Front 19

Vocative

Back 19

the case of direct address (for calling people or addressing them)

Front 20

What are the three genders?

Back 20

Masculine
Feminine
Neuter

Front 21

What in a Greek noun must agree with the noun's gender?

Back 21

the noun's article and adjective must agree with the gender

Front 22

What are the three grammatical numbers in Greek?

Back 22

Singular (for one)
Dual (for two)
Plural (for more than two)

Front 23

Do we need to worry about the dual grammatical number?

Back 23

NO. It has grown obsolete by classical times and was used mainly for natural pars i.e. hands and feet

Usually in Greek the plural is used for more than one.

Front 24

Why are adjectives considered to belong to the same part of speech as the noun?

Back 24

because they have the same properties as nouns in Greek (i.e. they undergo changes in form to indicate case, gender, and number)

Front 25

Any adjective in Greek can be used as a _______ when the _______ is put before it.

Back 25

any adjective in Greek can be used as a noun when the articles is put before it.

Front 26

What is used generically for human beings in general?

Back 26

the masculine plural

Front 27

What is a pronoun?

Back 27

a word used instead of a noun: it has no meaning of its own, but is used when we choose not to name, or not to repeat the name of, whatever we are speaking or writing about

Front 28

What do pronouns undergo in Greek?

Back 28

Pronouns in Greek undergo declension with respect to case, number, and gender

Front 29

In English, how do we view articles?

Back 29

as belonging to the same class as adjectives

Front 30

How would we describe the ARTICLE in both Greek and English?

Back 30

a demonstrative: (this, that)

Front 31

When is the definite article used?

Back 31

when we want to refer to a particular (definite) member or members of a class

Front 32

What is a VERB in the Greek language?

Back 32

a word showing the following properties:
1. tense
2. voice
3. mood
4. person
5. number

The Greek verb has many forms to express these properties

Front 33

What two things does the tense in Greek tell us?

Back 33

TIME AND ASPECT

Front 34

What does TIME tell us?

Back 34

Time tells us whether the action or state expressed by the verb is past, present, or future

Front 35

What does ASPECT tell us?

Back 35

Aspect tells us the relationship of the action or state to the passage of time: is it going on, momentary, or complete?

Front 36

Greek has _____ tenses of the indicative mood.

Back 36

SEVEN

1. Present
2. Imperfect
3. Future
4. Aorist
5. Perfect
6. Pluperfect
7. Future Perfect

Front 37

What does VOICE tell us?

Back 37

Voice tells us the relationship of the subject in action, whether the subject acts or is acted upon

Front 38

How many voices does the Greek verb have?

Back 38

THREE
1. Active
2. Middle
3. Passive

Front 39

Active voice

Back 39

the subject performs the action (I stop the car)

Front 40

Passive voice

Back 40

the subject receives (suffers) the action (I am stopped)

Front 41

Middle Voice

Back 41

the subject is both the doer and the receiver of the action (I stop myself, I cease)

it can be more reflexive: the subject does something directly to himself, but usually it is more subtle; the subject does something for herself/himself or for something belonging to him/her (thus the middle voice can have an object)

Front 42

What does the middle voice imply?

Back 42

the subject is more directly (or more deliberately) involved in the activity

Front 43

What do the MOODS tell us?

Back 43

AKA MODES
tell us the manner of the action

Front 44

Greek has ______ modes (besides the Infinitive and Participle).

Back 44

FOUR
1. Indicative
2. Imperative
3. Subjunctive
4. Optative

Front 45

Infinitive mode/mood

Back 45

a verbal noun

Front 46

Participle mode/mood

Back 46

a verbal adjective

Front 47

Indicative mood

Back 47

generally speaking, used to state a fact

Front 48

Imperative mood

Back 48

used to give an order

Front 49

The subjunctive and optative modes are less ________.

Back 49

DISTINCT

Front 50

What is the subjunctive mode used for?

Back 50

originally used for futurity, and many of its relationships have to do with the future: for exhortations, prohibitions, purpose, after verbs of fearing, in conditions (both future and general)

Front 51

What is the optative mode used for?

Back 51

used for wishes and possibilities and in the same types of clauses as the subjunctive.

Which is used depends on the main verb

Front 52

Person and Number

Back 52

the Greek verb changes its form to express the action.

First, second, or third person, singular or plural are expressed by the ending, and the pronoun can be omitted unless special emphasis is needed

Front 53

What are infinitives formed from?

Back 53

formed from the various verb stems

Front 54

Are infinitive inflected?

Back 54

NO

Front 55

What are infinitives?

Back 55

they are verbal nouns and share the characteristics of both nouns and verbs

Front 56

How can infinitives be used as nouns?

Back 56

as nouns they can be used with the article in different cases and they can be subjects

Front 57

How can infinitives be used as verbs?

Back 57

as verbs, infinitives have tense and voice and can take objects

Front 58

How does THE PARTICIPLE relate to verbs and adjectives?

Back 58

the participle shares the characteristics of verb an adjective

Front 59

How was the participle considered by Greek grammarians?

Back 59

it was considered a separate part of speech by the Greek grammarians

Front 60

The Greek language is ________ of participles.

Back 60

FOND

Front 61

How are participles formed?

Back 61

from the different tense stems of the verb

Front 62

Why are participles declined?

Back 62

because they are adjectives

Front 63

What voice do all tenses and moods have?

Back 63

the active voice

Front 64

When are the middle and passive voices combined into one form?

Back 64

for the present, imperfect, and the perfect tenses

Front 65

True or False. Aorist and future have the same forms for the passive and middle.

Back 65

FALSE
Aorist and future have separate forms for the passive and middle.

Front 66

Every verb has ________ parts.

Back 66

Principal parts

Front 67

What do principal parts reveal?

Back 67

principal parts show what type of verb it is (active, deponent, thematic, etc.)

the changes in stem for different forms

What kind of future, aorist, perfect it has

whether it has all the possible tenses and voices

Front 68

What parts of speech are not inflected in Greek?

Back 68

1. adverbs
2. conjunctions
3. prepositions
4. interjections

Front 69

What is an adverb?

Back 69

an adverb indicates an attribute (such as time, manner, degree, place) of a verb, adjective, another adverb, or may affect a whole sentence

Front 70

What are conjunctions for?

Back 70

used to join

Front 71

What are prepositions used for?

Back 71

used with nouns to further define the use of the case

Front 72

What are interjections?

Back 72

interjections are outside the grammatical structure of the sentence