Grammar Vocabulary

Front 1

Split Infinitive

Back 1

An infinitive verb form with an element, usually an adverb, interposed between "to" and the verb (ex: "to boldly go"). Acceptable in CMoS.

Front 2

Appositive

Back 2

A word or phrase that immediately follows a noun or noun phrase and describes it. Set off in commas if it is nonrestrictive, but not if it is restrictive.

Front 3

Restrictive Clause

Back 3

A phrase essential to the overall meaning of the sentence and, therefore not set off by commas. Commonly prefaced by "that," which may be omitted if context is obvious.

Front 4

Nonrestrictive Clause

Back 4

A phrase, set off by commas, that is inessential to the overall meaning of the sentence. Commonly prefaced by "which."

Front 5

Antecedent

Back 5

A word or phrase that determines what a pronoun refers to.

Front 6

Adversative Conjunction

Back 6

A conjunction that denotes a contrast or comparison (ex: however, meanwhile, but, still, and nevertheless).

Front 7

Copulative Conjunction

Back 7

A conjunction joining two clauses that denotes an addition (ex: and, also, moreover).

Front 8

Disjunctive Conjunction

Back 8

A conjunction that denotes an alternative in which no more than one of the statements joined may be true (ex: either, neither, otherwise, else), May also be correlative conjunction.

Front 9

Coordinating Conjunction

Back 9

A conjunction that denotes two words or phrases of equal rank (ex: two verbs, two noun phrases), May also be a correlative conjuntion.

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Correlative Conjunction

Back 10

A conjunction used in a pair to join two clauses (beginning with same part of speech!) that need one another to make sense (ex: as-as, if-then, either-or, both-and, not only-but also).

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Infixation

Back 11

The insertion of a word (an "infix" or "infixative") within another word. Expletive infixation, then, is the insertion of an expletive within another word.

Front 12

Hyperbaton

Back 12

A figure of speech in which words that belong together are separated for emphasis or effect (ex: "This is the sort of speech up with which I will not put." (Churchill) or "Object there was none. Passion there was none." (Poe, Telltale Heart)

Front 13

Reference List Entry In Author-Date Style (Journal Article)

Back 13

Last Name, First Name. Year. "Title of Article." <i>Journal Name</i> Volume:Pages

Last Name 1, First Name 1, and First & Last Name 2.

Front 14

Reference List Entry In Author-Date Style (Book)

Back 14

Last Name, First Name. Year. <i>Title of Book.</i> City: Publisher.

Front 15

Reference List Entry In Author-Date Style (Manuscript)

Back 15

Last Name, First Name. Year. "Title of Manuscript." University.

Front 16

Reference List Entry In Author-Date Style (Online Journal Article)

Back 16

Last Name, First Name. Year. "Title of Article." <i>Journal</i> Volume: Web Address.

Front 17

Parenthetical Text Citation In Author-Date Style

Back 17

(Last Name Year) or (Last Name Year, p. xx or chap. x)

Use lowercase alphabet to differentiate multiple publications from the same author in the same year in both parenthetical text citations and reference list.

If author's name is mentioned, citation will just be year in parentheses.


With more than one author, use first author's name followed by et al.

Front 18

cf.

Back 18

an abbreviation for the Latin word "confer," meaning to compare or consult. Used by authors in the text of their article or book to refer to other academic material which may provide auxilliary information

Front 19

et al.

Back 19

"And others" or "and elsewhere."

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e.g.

Back 20

"Exempli gratia." Use this when you are about to clarify a statement using an example.

Front 21

i.e.

Back 21

"Id est." Use this when you are about to clarify a statement by restating or expanding upon an idea.

Front 22

Abbreviations in CMoS

Back 22

Chapter 15

Front 23

Numbers in CMoS

Back 23

Chapter 9

Front 24

Hyphens in CMoS

Back 24

Chapter 7.9

Front 25

Citations in CMoS

Back 25

chapter 16.10

Front 26

Word Division in CMoS

Back 26

Chapter 7.33

Front 27

Proofreader's Marks in CMoS

Back 27

p. 100

Front 28

Footnotes/Endnotes

Back 28

Begin with an indentation and the corresponding number in superscript.

Front 29

Word-by-Word Alphabetizing

Back 29

Alphabetize up to the first space and only use subsequent words when additional headings begin with same word. Order of precedence is then one word, word followed by parenthesis, word followed by comma, word followed by space, and word followed by number or letters. entries beginning with initials precede all other entries. Used in library catalogs.

Front 30

Letter-by-Letter Alphabetizing

Back 30

Alphabetize up to the first parenthesis or comma, ignoring spaces. Order of precedence is then one word, word followed by parenthesis, word followed by comma, number, or letters. Used in dictionaries and most university presses.

Front 31

Alphabetizing in CMoS

Back 31

Chapter 18.55

Front 32

Present Perfect Tense

Back 32

Formed with either has or have and the verb's past participle. Denotes an action that is either completed or continues up to the present. It can refer to a time in the indefinite past (ex: I have seen that film before.) or an action that continues to the present. (I have waited all my life for this day.)

Front 33

Future Perfect Tense

Back 33

Formed with shall/will/won't have and the verb's past participle. Denotes an action that has not yet happened but is expected to before another stated occurrence.

Front 34

Past Perfect Tense (Pluperfect)

Back 34

Formed with past tense of auxiliary verb "have" and the verb's past participle. Denotes an action in the past that occurred before another past action.

Front 35

Gerund

Back 35

A verb ending in "ing" that is used as a noun. (ex: "Borrowing money is a mistake.")

Front 36

Parallelism

Back 36

the use of grammatically equal or corresponding words or word groups in a sentence or paragraph. (ex: "She likes running, cooking and swimming," rather than "She likes running, cooking and to swim.")

Front 37

Noncount Noun

Back 37

A noun with no plural form.

Front 38

Dangling Modifier

Back 38

A misplaced modifier. (ex: "Being in a dilapidated condition, I was able to buy the house very cheap.")

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Misrelated Modifier

Back 39

A word or phrase that modifies another placed in the sentence so that the connection is unclear. (ex: "Jones came to San Francisco after his wife left him to work in the shipyards.")

Front 40

Guillemets

Back 40

<< >>. Used in place of quotation marks in French with a thin space between each pair and the quote matter. "Dit-elle" or "écrit-il" may be placed inside guillemets without additional guillemets. Only punctuation belonging to the quoted matter goes inside them.

Front 41

Clause

Back 41

A word or group of words ordinarily consisting of a subject and a predicate, May be independent (able to stand alone as a simple sentence) or dependent (subordinate to a main clause)

Front 42

Adverbial Clause

Back 42

A clause that modifies a verb. (ex: "I saw Joe when I went to the store.")

Front 43

Infinitive Phrase

Back 43

A phrase that begins with an infinitive and may be used as a noun, adjective, or adverb.

Front 44

Mondegreen

Back 44

The mishearing of a phrase as a homophone or near-homophone in such a way that it acquires a new meaning.

Front 45

Malapropism

Back 45

Substituting a similar-sounding word with different meaning, usually with comic effect. (ex: "I've got these two albacores around my neck. It's like the Rhyme of the Ancient Marinade...," i.e. Albatrosses, Rime, and Mariner)

Front 46

Spoonerism

Back 46

A play on words in which corresponding consonants, vowels, or morphemes are switched.

Front 47

Ibid.

Back 47

Latin, Short for "ibidem" or "the same place." A term used to provide an endnote or footnote citation or reference for a source that was cited in the preceding endnote or footnote.

Front 48

Recto

Back 48

The right-hand page of a folded sheet.

Front 49

Verso

Back 49

The left-hand page of a folded sheet.

Front 50

Masthead

Back 50

A list found on the editorial page of a newspaper or magazine of the members of the editorial board. Some mastheads also include information such as the publication's founding date, slogan, logo and contact information.

Front 51

Galleys (Galley Proofs)

Back 51

Preliminary versions of publications, often electronic or uncut and unbound, created as part of the proofreading and copyediting process. May also be used for promotional or review purposes.

Front 52

Running Heads (Page Headers or Pageheads)

Back 52

Material, separate from the main body of text, that appears at the top of a printed page. Usually created in a word processing program and containing similar information from page to page (ex: page numbers, journal title).

Front 53

Non Sequitur

Back 53

Latin for "it does not follow." An argument whose conclusion, true or false, does not follow from its premises. All logical fallacies are specific types of non sequiturs.