Grammar Packet Pages 5-8

Front 1

Verbals

Back 1

Verbs used as something else

Front 2

Participle

Back 2

Verbal adjectives, may take a modifier or object

Front 3

Present participle

Back 3

1. The SHOUTING student disrupted the class.
2. The teacher heard the student SNORING quietly.
3. EMPHASIZING her point, the teacher gesticulated wildly.

Front 4

Past participle

Back 4

1. The teacher, greatly SATISFIED, collected the homework.
2. HORRIFIED, the student realized he had forgotten to study for the quiz.

Front 5

Gerund

Back 5

Verbal noun
1. WRITING is hard work
2. His COMING is much anticipated.

Front 6

Infinitives

Back 6

Verbal nouns, adjectives, or adverbs
1. TO ERR is human, TO FORGIVE divine (infinitive as subject).
2. He had not a minute TO LOSE (infinitive as adjective).
3. That song is hard TO SING (infinitive as adverb).

Front 7

Infinitive phrase

Back 7

Infinitive plus objects or complements
1. They agreed TO MEET in the library (present infinitive, one action following another).
2. He expected TO HAVE WON the election by now (past infinitive, one action taking place before another).

Front 8

Infinitive clause

Back 8

An infinitive phrase with a subject in the accusative case.
1. The teacher ordered THEM TO MEET in the library (present infinitive)
2. We expected HIM TO HAVE WON the election by now. (past infinitive).

Front 9

Noun as subject

Back 9

The noun that does the main verb

Front 10

Noun as direct object

Back 10

The noun receiving the action or following a preposition:
1. I saw HIM
2. WHOM did you see?

Front 11

Noun as indirect object

Back 11

The noun receiving the action indirectly:
1. I gave HIM to the book

Front 12

Noun as object of a preposition

Back 12

1. The bookcase landed on top of HIM
2. I gave to book to HIM.

Front 13

Noun as modifier or adjective

Back 13

1. The SCHOOL building was closed yesterday.

Front 14

Nominative or subjective case

Back 14

HE gave him his grade

Front 15

Accusative or objective case

Back 15

He gave HIM his grade.

Front 16

Possessive case

Back 16

He gave him HIS grade.

Front 17

Phrase

Back 17

A group of words, not containing a main verb and subject, that is used as one part of speech

Front 18

Noun Phrase

Back 18

A phrase with a noun and its modifiers; it can act as subject or object:
1. THE TALL MAN was able to see over THE HUGE CROWD.
2. SKIING IN THE SUMMER is nearly impossible.

Front 19

Verb Phrase

Back 19

A phrase with a verb and its helping verbs
1. We COULD HAVE FINISHED the test with more time.

Front 20

Prepositional Phrase

Back 20

A Phrase beginning with a preposition

Front 21

Adjective phrase

Back 21

A Prepositional phrase that modifies a noun:
1. The man WITH THE COON SKIN CAP was Daniel Boone.

Front 22

Adverbial phrase

Back 22

A prepositional phrase that modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb.
1. The man ran WITH THE WOLF PACK.
2. The man was green WITH ENVY.
3. The man came early IN THE DAY.

Front 23

Verbal phrase

Back 23

Not to be confused with a verb phrase..., includes participial phrase, gerund phrase, infinitive phrase

Front 24

Participial phrase

Back 24

A participle plus its complements or modifiers:
1. STUNNED BY THE SHOCK, the man staggered home.
2. WALKING DOWN THE STREET, I saw a dog lying in the gutter.

Front 25

Gerund phrase

Back 25

A gerund plus its complements or modifiers
1. SKIING DOWN THE MOUNTAIN was the most difficult thing I had ever done.

Front 26

Infinitive phrase

Back 26

An infinitive plus its complements or modifiers
1. TO SING MUSIC AT SIGHT was once considered a necessary skill for every accomplished gentleman.

Front 27

Appositional phrase

Back 27

An appositive is a noun that explains or identifies another noun; the appositional phrase contains an appositive and its modifiers and is set off with commas.
1. Mr. Smith, MY FAVORITE TEACHER, assigned a very interesting assignment today.

Front 28

The clause

Back 28

A group of words containing a verb and subject

Front 29

Main, independent, or insubordinate clause

Back 29

Has a main verb; does not begin with a subordinating conjunction (because) or a relative pronoun (who):
1. While he was looking out of his window, HE SAW THE MAN who was falling off his roof.

Front 30

Four types of dependent or subordinate clauses

Back 30

Noun clause, Adjective clause, Adverbial clause, Infinitive clause

Front 31

Noun clause

Back 31

A subordinate clause used as a noun:
1. WHOEVER FALLS OFF OF THE ROOF will probably be severely injured.
2. We saw that HE WAS SEVERELY INJURED.

Front 32

Adjective clause

Back 32

The party WHERE THEY MET was an event they'll remember forever.

Front 33

Relative clause

Back 33

An adjective clause that begins with a relative pronoun:
1. While he was looking our of his window, he saw the man WHO WAS FALLING OFF OF HIS ROOF.

Front 34

Restrictive clause

Back 34

Not set apart with commas:
1. The man WHO CAME TO DINNER was very late.
2. While he was looking our of his window, he saw the man WHO WAS FALLING OFF OF HIS ROOF.

Front 35

Non-restrictive clause

Back 35

Set apart with commas:
1. The man, WHO CAME TO DINNER, was very late.
2. The man, WHO WAS FALLING OFF OF THE ROOF, gave an enormous cry for help.

Front 36

Adverbial clause

Back 36

A subordinate clause that functions like an adverb:
1. WHILE HE WAS LOOKING OUT OF HIS WINDOW, he saw the man who was falling off of his roof.
2. IF IT'S NOT RAINING, we'll go to the park.

Front 37

Infinitive clause

Back 37

An infinitive with subject in the accusative case and its complements
1. The adjudicator required HIM TO SING MUSIC AT SIGHT.

Front 38

Grammar errors:

Back 38

1. Sentence Integrity (sentence fragment, run-on sentence, comma splice)
2. Parallel sentence structure
3. Agreement (subject very agreement, meaning agreement in number and verb agrees in number with the subject after the closer correlative conjunction, and pronoun-antecedent agreement)
4. Modifiers (misplaced modifier, dangling modifier)
5. Case (who/whom, possessive before gerund)
6. Ambiguous pronoun referent (or antecedent)

Front 39

Diction errors:

Back 39

1. intransitive vs. transitive verbs (lie vs. lay, rise vs. raise, sit vs. set)
2. Non-count vs. count nouns (less vs. fewer, amount vs. number, much vs. many)
3. Adjectives vs. adverbs (good vs. well, quick vs. quickly)
4. Unidiomatic prepositions
5. Homophone spelling (to too two, its it's, there their they're, could have could of)
6. Miscellaneous confused words (lend/loan, bring/take, correct/right; incorrect/wrong)

Front 40

Punctuation errors

Back 40

1. Commas
2. Quotation marks with other punctuation