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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Traditional definition of a Verb |
A verb is a word that indicates action |
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Functional definition of a Verb |
A word may be a verb if...
1. It can accept an inflective morpheme (s, ed, en) 2. It contains a typical verb-forming derivational affix 3. It can be preceeded by a word that typically preceeds a verb (a modal) |
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5 pieces of information a verb provides |
1. Voice-- active or passive 2. Aspect-- simple, progressive, perfect, perfect progressive 3. Tense-- past, present, future 4. Person-- 1st, 2nd, 3rd 5. Number-- singular/plural |
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4 principal parts of a verb |
1. Infinitive stem-- simplest form of a word (drink) 2. Past-- defines difference between regular/irregular verbs (drank) 3. Past participle-- Ven, irregular verb forms have past participle morphemes (drunk) 4. Present participle-- stem + ing (drinking) |
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Regular Verbs |
Form the past-tense by using a detal suffix (stem + d, t, or ed) |
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Irregular verbs |
Form past-tense through ablaut change (vowel change). If there is a change in the vowel between the infinitive stem and the past-tense, it is irregular (i.e. sing, sang, sung) |
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Past Participle Functions |
Can be used in: perfect aspect perfect progressive aspect passive voice adjectivally |
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Definition of a modal and the 3 functions of a modal |
Auxiliary verbs which place a condition on a main verb. 1. Question 2. Emphasis 3. Negation |
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5 conditions of a modal |
1. Futurity 2. Obligation 3. Ability 4. Permission 5. Necessity |
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True Modals (10 total) |
Present: May Can Will Shall Must Ought to
Past: Might Could Would Should |
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Periphrastic Modal Formula |
Be/Have X to |
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Voice |
Active-- the verb is doing "I am hugging Lily." Passive-- Be + Past Participle; subject is receiving the verb "Lily is being hugged by me." |
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Aspect Formulas in active voice |
Simple-- no formula Progressive-- Be + Ving (present participle) "I am biting" Perfect-- Have/Has/Had + Ven (past participle) "I have bitten" Perfect-progressive-- Has/Had/Have + been + Ving "I have been biting" |
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Aspect Formulas in passive voice |
Simple-- Be + Ven "I am bitten" Progressive-- Be + being + Ven "I am being bitten" Perfect-- Have/Has/Had + been + Ven "I have been bitten" Perfect-Progressive-- Has/Had/Have + been + being + Ven "I have been being bitten" |
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Verb + Particle definition |
When a verb and a particle are treated as one semantic unit (i.e. run in, throw up)
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5 tests for determining verb + particle forms |
1. Close 1-word synonym 2. Movement 3. Pronoun Replacement 4. Passification 5. Pseudo-clefting |
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Close 1-word synonym |
If there is a single word we can use to replace the potential verb + particle, it is one. "Jack looked up the dress" could be "Jack googled the dress" |
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Movement |
We move the particle's position within the sentence. "Jack looked up the dress" could be "Jack looked the dress up" |
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Pronoun Replacement |
Take the noun and pronominalize it. "Jack looked up it" changes the meaning of "Jack looked it up" |
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Passification |
Passivize it. "The dress was looked up by Jack" where "looked up" is still a semantic unit. "Up the dress Jack looked" makes no sense. |
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Pseudo-clefting |
cutting something loose. "Jack looked up what" becomes "What Jack looked up was the dress" what + Be |
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Selectional Restriction |
Words that we restrict because the noun following the verb does not make grammatical sense (i.e. I eat rocks-- you don't actually eat rocks. Rocks are never eaten.) |
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Verb categorization |
VP (verb phrase)---- Be + Adj NP Adv t/p ______________ V + NP + NP Adj
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Do Verbs |
Function in 2 ways: 1. Pro-verbs-- if the pronoun replaces a noun but funtions as a full reference, the do-verb acts as a proverb, replacing a verb and functioning as a full reference 2. Do-Support-- modals with 3 functions (question, emphasis, negation) |
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Notional definition of an Adjective |
A word that modifies a noun |
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Functional Definition of an Adjective |
A word may be an adjective if...
1. It can accept an inflectional morpheme (er/est) 2. It contains a typical adjective forming derivational affix 3. It is proceeded by a word that typically proceeds an adjective (an adverb or degree adverb) |
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There are 4 degrees of adjectives |
1. Normative: no degree 2. Comparitive: comparing two groups, marked by " +er " (i.e. prettier) 3. Superlative: comparing 3 or more groups, marked by " +est " (i.e. prettiest) 4. Er/More and Est/Most: generally based on syllable count |
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True Adjectives |
A true adjective has semantic content, and if it is a true adjective it will have a degree and will accept an inflectional morpheme. |
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Suppletive Adjectives |
"irregular" adjectives where the comparative and superlative forms are different (i.e. good --> gooder? Goodest? No. Good --> better --> best) |
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Absolute Adjectives |
These adjectives have grammatical dislocation and CANNOT be made comparative or superlative. (i.e. you're either dead or you're not. One thing cannot be deader than the other.)
*If you want to make these comparative/superlative, you MUST ADD "more nearly" or "most nearly" (i.e. he is most nearly dead) |
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Unique Adjectives |
Unique adjectives cannot be compared because they are one of a kind. |
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What are the 5 questions that give us adjectival information? |
1. What kind 2. Which 3. Whose 4. How much 5. How many |
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What are the 3 Adjective structures? |
1. Singleton 2. Phrase: infinitive, participle, prepositional phrase 3. Clause- relative clause |
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How do you correctly modify a noun? |
You use the 5 adjectival questions, then use the 3 adjective structures. |
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Traditional Adjective Forming Derivational Affixes |
y ic (phobic) ly (cowardly) ous (magnanimous) al (psychological) ate (deliberate) ful (bountiful) ible able ish |
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What are the 3 phrases? |
1. Prepositional phrases: can function as either adjectives or adverbs 2. Participle phrases: a verbal form used as an adjective 3. Infinitive phrases: a verb form that functions as a noun or is used with auxiliary verbs and names the action without specifying the subject. |
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Adjectival Clauses |
Relative Clause |
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What are the 4 positions that an adjective can occupy? |
1. Prenominal: occurs in front of the noun 2. Predicative: follows a linking verb (sentence patterns 2 and 4) 3. Object complement: follows a direct object (sentence pattern 9) 4. Postposed: follows the noun, but doesn't present any particular function (often follows an indefinite pronoun. i.e. I want something sweet; sweet is the adj. and something is the indefinite pronoun) |
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What's the notional definition for an adverb? |
An adverb is a word that modifies a verb |
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Functional definition of an adverb? |
A word may be an adverb if...
1. It can accept an inflectional morpheme (er/est) 2. It contains a typical adjective forming derivational affix (ly, wise, ward, like) 3. It is preceded by a word that typically precedes an adverb |
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What are the 3 ways adverbs can be represented? |
1. Singly 2. In phrase groups (prepositional phrases and infinitive phrases) 3. As Clauses (introduced by a subordinate conjunction) |
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What are the 7 pieces of information an adverb provides? |
1. When (time) 2. Where (location) 3. Why (reason) 4. How (process) 5. To What Extent 6. Under what circumstances 7. Negation (negative adverbs. i.e. hardly, rarely, seldom, not) |
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Degree in adverbs |
Adverbs use "more" and "most" often, because once they've accepted the verb forming derivational affix they will be more than two syllables. |
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Traditional Adverb forming derivational affixes |
Ly (excitedly) Wise (likewise) Ward (southward) Like (bear-like)
*If the root of the word is a noun, the "ly" represents an adjective, but if the root is a verb, it's an adverb |
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3 Types of Adverbs |
1. Manner adverbs: tend to be LY adverbs, they describe the manner of the action (i.e. she danced beautifully) 2. Sentenial adverbs: modify the entire sentence (i.e. "obviously you see my point" the adverb makes a comment on whatever follows) 3. Degree adverbs: modify adjectives |
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What are conjunctions? |
Linking words! |
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2 types of conjunctions |
1. Coordinate: adverbs that set up equal conditions (joining equals) 2. Subordinate: a word or string of words that join 2 clauses and makes the clause a dependent, adverbial clause. |
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3 types of coordinate conjunctions & examples |
1. Simple: and (an additive), or (inclusive), but (contrastive), so (drawing conclusion), for (subordinate conjunction) 2. Correlative: either/or, neither/nor, not only/but also, both/and, not/both/and, whether/or, but/also, for example. 3. Conjunctive: however, nevertheless, therefore, thus, hence, yet, consequently, moreover |
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Mobility in adverbs |
Conjunctive adverbs have mobility (can be moved within the sentence) but coordinating conjunctives cannot |
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Subordinate Conjunctions |
Time (after) Evidence (for) Manner (as if) Purpose (so that) Place (where) Reason (because) Result (so x that) Concession (although) Condition (if) Comparison (as x as) |
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What is the purpose of a preposition? |
to join to a verb or noun (so it is an adverb or adjective) |
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What are the 6 preposition case functions? |
1. Agency: when the preposition is not in the subject position "by" "at" "for" (the cake was cut by me) 2. Genetive: creates a phrasal link "of" (the amount of rain...) 3. Dative: indicates an indirect object "to" "for" (I painted a picture for Leah) 4. Instrumental: the instrument is the subject when the agent is lost "with" 5. Locative: location "in" "by" "beside" "around" 6. Direction/Motion: "to and toward" |
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What are combining/phrasal prepositions? |
Two prepositions combining to form a third (along with, but for, on top of, etc.) |
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What are interjections? |
They carry emotional content, not grammatical content.
(Eeek! Rats! God damnit!) |
