Gram Positive Bacteria:

Front 1

cocci in grape-like clusters, aerobic or fac. anaerobic, salt tolerant, inhabit skin, nose, mouth of humans. Most species are commensals, pathogens are indicated by production of coagulase. Most common pathogen S. aureus (coag +) ). Penicillin sensitive. Resistant strains reported.

Back 1

Staphylococcus:

Front 2

cocci in chains, found in mouth, intestines, & genital tracts of humans and animals. Aerotolerant- anaerobic, highly fermentative, produce a variety of exotoxins and hydrolytic enzymes (streptokinase, hemolysins, hyaluronidase, leukocidins, collagenases). Differentiated by hemolysis reactions on blood agar and by serotyping (Lancefield serogroups A-M). S. pyogenes frequent cause of "strep throat". S. pneumoniae causes serious pneumonia & meningitis infections with high fatality rates. Hemolytic "A" type Streptococcus known as "flesh eating" bacterium. Penicillin/erythromycin sensitive. Resistant strains reported.

Back 2

Streptococcus:

Front 3

aerobic or fac. anerobic, pathogens include; B. anthracis (causes anthrax in cattle & humans), B. cereus (foodborne intoxications). Members of this group may be aerobes or facultative anaerobes. Form endospores.

Back 3

Bacillus:

Front 4

Important pathogens, all are obligately anaerobic, form terminal endospores, prefer high protein medium, oxygen sensitive. May produce lethal intoxications e.g. C. tetani = tetanus, C. botulinum = botulism. Others produce necrotizing infections e.g. C. perfringens = gas gangrene. C. dificile = pseudo- membranous colitis (“C. dif”).

Back 4

Clostridium:

Front 5

are sensitive to penicillins and vancomycin.
Found in soil (as heat resistant spores), animal hides, and fecal matter.

Back 5

Bacillus and Clostridium sps

Front 6

Lactic acid bacteria, part of normal flora in intestines and genital tract of humans. Used in the production of cheese, yogurt, sauerkraut, pickles etc. Not usually pathogenic, serves beneficial role. No spores formed (no endospores formed (asporogenous).

Back 6

Lactobacillus:

Front 7

is pathogenic and produces a serious condition known as listeriosis, especially harmful to fetuses, and young children. Acquired by ingesting unpasteurized or improperly pasteurized milk. Recently found in processed beef and pork frankfurters. Asporogenous

Back 7

Listeria: L. monocytogenes

Front 8

is the cause of diphtheria in humans, Although bacteria are penicillin sensitive, toxin is unaffected. A toxoid may be given to immunize against toxin. (e.g. "DPT shots").

Back 8

Corynebacterium: C. diphtheriae

Front 9

anaerobic pleomorphs known to inhabit skin. P. acnes is the causative agent of cystic acne in humans. It is an anaerobic bacteria that metabolizes sebum in skin leading to the formation of irritating end products. Sensitive to tetracyclines and oxidizing compounds (e.g. benzoyl peroxide).

Back 9

Propionobacterium:

Front 10

are described as irregular, non-sporing rods. These organisms are club shaped and pleomorphic, often found on human skin, occasionally in mucous membranes.

Back 10

Both Corynebacterium and Propionobacterium

Front 11

Gram positive, Acid fast, strict aerobes, pleomorphic bacilli,nonspore formers. Cell walls made up primarily of mycolic acids (lipid).
Pathogenic species: Mycobacterium tuberculosi is the causative agent of tuberculosis (consumption), organism may be isolated on Lowenstein/Jensen agar. Resistant strains have been recently reported. M. leprae is the cause of leprosy. M. avium and M. terrae infections often seen in immunocompromised hosts.

Back 11

Mycobacteria:

Front 12

Filamentous bacteria, gram positive, and acid fast. Isolated from soil. Nocardia asteroides causes nocardiosis, a difficult to treat lung infection.

Back 12

Nocardioforms:

Front 13

Filamentous soil bacteria, gram positive, non acid fast, isolated from soil, many members of this group produce antibiotics (Streptomyces genus).

Back 13

Actinomycetes: