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114 Cards in this Set
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Grow pink colonies on MacConkey's agar |
Lactose-fermenting enteric bacteria.
Includes: Citrobacter, Klebsiella, E. Coli, Enterobacter, and Serratia. SEECK MacConkey |
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Produces Beta-galactosidase which breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose |
E. coli |
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Lactose non-fermenter produces what color on MacConkey's agar?
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White. Includes Oxidase (-) Shigella, Salmonella, Proteus
(Pro, Shi, Salmon) And Oxidase (+) Psuedomonas |
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gram negative bacillia are resistant to this Beta lactam drug. |
Outer membrane inhibits entry of Pen G.
Also Vancomycin (a glycopeptide antibiotic) |
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A gram negative cocci that ferments glucose and produces IgA protease. |
Neisseria
*Neisseria meningitidis produces IgA1 protease. *N. gonorrhea has protein II which helps in adherance to host cells in addition to its pili |
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Neisseria: Gonococci versus Meningococci
Has no polysaccharide capsule, can't ferment maltose and has no vaccine available againts it due to rapid antigenic variation of pilus proteins. It is sexually transmitted. |
N. gonorrhea Causes gonorrhea, septic arhtritis, neonatal conjunctivitis, Pelvic inflammatory Disease (PID) , and Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome
*ceftriaxone(Spectinomycin or ciprofloxacin for allergies) for gonoccocal in men * Erythromycin for ophthalmia neonatorium. |
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Neisseria: Gonococci versus Meningococci
Has a polysaccharide capsule, can ferment both glucose maltose and has available vaccine (none for type B) Can extract iron from transferrin via non-energy requiring mechanism. Transmitted via respiratory and oral secretions |
N. Meningitidis Causes meningococemia and meningitis, Waterhouse-Fridererichsen syndrome Rifampin is used for prophylaxis in close contacts. |
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Antibiotic given at the first indication of disseminated meningococcemia |
Pen G or Ceftriaxone
*Rifampin prophylaxis in close contact |
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Neisseria: Gonococci versus Meningococci |
Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Syndrome |
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Small gram-negative (coccobacillary) rod which is acquired via aerosol transmission. It is the most invasive disease caused by capsular type B and also produces IgA protease. |
Haemophilus influenza. |
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Gram negative rod. gram stains poorly therefore silver stain is used. Grown on charcoal yeast extract culture with iron and cysteine. Causes Pontiac fever (mild flu-like syndrome) |
Legionella pneumophilia |
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Gram negative aerobic bacilli, non-lactose fermenting, oxidase positive. Produces procyanin(blue-green pigment);has a grape-like odor. Water source. Produces endotoxin (fever, shock) and exotoxin A(inactivates EF-2).
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Associated with wound and burn infections pneumonia(esp. in cystic fibrosis), sepsis (black lesions on skin), External otitis (swimmers ear), UTI, drug use and diabetic osteomyelitis, and hot tube folliculitis. Malignant otitis externa in diabetics. Treatment: aminoglycoside plus extended spectrum penicillin: e.g., piperacillin, ticarcillin) |
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Gram negative rod shape whichbis lactose fermenting and produces Beta-galactosidase. |
E. coli
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E. coli: virulence factors
Cystitis and pyelonephritis |
Fimbrae
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E. coli: virulence factors |
K capsule
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E. coli: virulence factors |
LPS endotoxin
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E. coli: Toxins(Mechanism and Presentation) and stain
Produces Shiga-like toxin. Invades mucosa and toxin causes necrosis and inflammation. Shigellosis-like disease. Presentation: Invasive; dysentery |
EIEC
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E. coli: Toxins(Mechanism and Presentation) and stain |
ETEC
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E. coli: Toxins(Mechanism and Presentation) and stain
No toxin produced. Adheres to apical surface, flattens villi, prevents absorption. Presentation: Diarrhea usually in children |
EPEC
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E. coli: Toxins(Mechanism and Presentation) and stain |
EHEC
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An intestinal flora that causes lobar pneumonia in alcoholics and diabetics when aspirated. Red currant jelly sputum. Also cause of nosocomial UTIs |
Klebsiella - 4A's(Aspiration pnuemonia, abscess in lungs, alcoholics, diAbetics) |
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Salmonella versus Shigella: both are non-lactose former and can cause bloody diarrhea. |
Salmonella |
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Salmonella versus Shigella: both are non-lactose former and can cause bloody diarrhea. |
Salmonella typhi. |
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Salmonella versus Shigella: both are non-lactose former and can cause bloody diarrhea. |
Salmonella
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Salmonella versus Shigella: both are non-lactose former and can cause bloody diarrhea. |
Salmonella |
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Salmonella versus Shigella: both are non-lactose former and can cause bloody diarrhea. |
Shigella (10 organisms) than |
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Salmonella versus Shigella: both are non-lactose former and can cause bloody diarrhea. Do not have flagella but can propel themselves while within a cell by actin polymerization. |
Shigella
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Salmonella versus Shigella: both are non-lactose former and can cause bloody diarrhea. Most important transmission of both bacteria |
Fecal-oral route Transmission via "Food, Fingers, Feces, and Flies" |
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Major cause of bloody diarrhea, especially in children. Comma or -shaped, oxidase positive, grown at 42 degree celcius. Common antecedent to Guillain-Barre syndrome. |
Campylobacter jejuni |
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How is campylobacter jejuni transmitted? |
Fecal-oral route through foods such as poultry, meat, unpasteurized milk. |
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Is an acute polyneuropathy, a disorder affecting the peripheral nervous system. Characterized by ascending paralysis. Most common antecedent is infection of campylobacter jejuni |
Guillain-Barre syndrome. |
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Produces profuse rice-water diarrhea via toxin that permanently activates Gs, increases cAMP. Comma shaped, oxidase positive, grows in alkaline media. Endemic to developing countries |
Vibrio cholera |
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Causes mesenteric adenitis that can mimic Chrohn's disease or appendicitis. Usually transmitted from pet feces, cotaminated milk, or pork. |
Yersinia enterocolitica |
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A gram negative rod which is urease positive (e.g., urease breath test). Creates an alkaline environment and is treated with triple therapy of Metronidazole, bismuth, and either tetracycline/amoxicillin or metronidazole, omeprazole, and clarithromycin. |
Helicobacter pylori
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Causes gastritis and up to 90% of duodenal ulcers. Risk factor for PUD, gastric adenocarcinoma, and lymphoma |
H. pylori
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These are spiral-shaped bacteria with axial filaments and include Borrelia (big size), Leptospira and Treponema. |
Spirochetes |
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A spirochete which can be visualized using aniline dyes (Wright's or Giemsa) in light microscopy |
Borrelia |
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A spirochete visualized by dark field microscopy |
Treponema |
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Question marked-shape bacteria found in water contaminated with animal urine. Disease state symptomps include fever, headache, abdominal pain, jaundice and photophobia with conjunctivitis. |
Leptospira interrogans
*leptospirosis treatment: penicillin or doxycycline |
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Severe form of leptospirosis. Having jaundice and azotemia from liver and kidney dysfunction, hemorrhage and anemia. |
Weil's disease (Icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis) |
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Caused by Borrelia burgdorferi which is transmitted by tick ixodes (also vector for Babesia). Presents woth erythema chronicum migrans, an expanding "bull's eye" red rash with central clearing. Also affects joints, CNS, and heart. Named after a place in Connecticut where the disease is common. |
Lyme disease 3 stages |
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Animals important for tick ixodes (vector for Babesia and Lyme disease) |
Mice an important reservoir Deer, needed for tick's life cycle. |
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Treatment for Lyme's disease |
Doxycycline, Ceftriaxone |
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Stage 1 of Lyme disease |
Erythema chronicum migans, flu-like symptoms |
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Stage 2 of Lyme disease |
Neurologic(Bell's palsy) and cardiac (AV nodal block) manifestations |
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Stage 3 of Lyme disease |
Chronic monoarthritis, and migratory polyarthritis |
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Syphilis is caused by what organism |
Treponema pallidum |
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Types of syphilis:
Localized painless chancre |
Primary syphilis
*treatment is penicillin |
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Types of syphilis:
Disseminated with constitutional symptoms, maculopapular rash(palms and soles), condylomata lata,
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Secondary syphilis |
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Types of syphilis:
Gummas (chronic granulomas), aortitis (vasa vasorum destruction), neurosyphilis (tabes dorsalis), Argyll Robertson pupil (or Prostitute pupils;constricts w/accommodation but no rxn to light) |
Tertiary Syphilis |
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Types of syphilis:
Saber shins, saddle nose, CN VIII deafness, hutchinson’s teeth, mulberry molars |
Congenital syphilis |
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Detects nonspecific Ab that reacts w/beef cardiolipin, usually for syphilis testing, indicates + infection but not very specific test (lots of FP), can also use FTA-ABS test(as confirmation). False + could also be due to Viruses (hepatitis/mononucleosis), Drugs, Rheumatic fever, Lupus/Leprosy. |
VDRL Viruses (hepatitis/mononucleosis), Drugs, Rheumatic fever, Lupus/Leprosy. |
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Zoonotic bacteria: Disease and transmission
Bartonella henselae |
Cat scratch fever
from cat scratch; can cause bacillary angiomatosis in immunocompromised patients (often confused with Kaposi's sarcoma) |
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Zoonotic bacteria: Disease and transmission
Borrelia burgdoferi |
Lyme disease Tick bite; ixodes ticks that lives on deer and mice |
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Zoonotic bacteria: Disease and transmission
Borrelia recurrentis |
Recurrent fever from variable surface antigen Louse |
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Zoonotic bacteria: Disease and transmission
Brucella spp. |
Brucellosis/ Undulant fever Dairy products, contact with animals |
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Zoonotic bacteria: Disease and transmission
Caused by Francisella tularensis. Pahvant Valley plague, rabbit fever, deer fly fever, and Ohara's fever. 6 characteristic symptoms ulceroglandular (the most common type representing 75% of all forms), glandular, oropharyngeal, pneumonic, oculoglandular, and typhoidal. |
Tularemia Tick bites; rabbit deer |
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Zoonotic bacteria: Disease and transmission
Yersinia pestis Has 3 major manifestations |
Plague Flea bite; rodents, esp., prairie dogs |
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Zoonotic bacteria: Disease, transmission and source
Pasteurella mulfocida |
Cellulitis, osteomyelitis Animal bites; cats, dogs |
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A pleomorphic, gram-variable rod that causes vaginiosis(associated with sexual activity but not an STD) presenting as a gray vaginal discharge with a fishy smell; non-painful. Clue cells, or vaginal epithelial cells covered with bacteria, are visible under the microscope
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Gardnerella vaginalis
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An anaerobe involve with Gardnerella vaginalis in causing vaginosis. |
Mobiluncus |
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Treatment for vaginosis caused by Gardnerella vaginalis |
Metronidazole |
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Are obligate intracellular organisms that need CoA and NAD+. |
Rickettsiae |
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Only rickettsia that is not transmitted by an arthropod and does not cause fever, headache, and rash. It is also an atypical rickettsia because it is transmitted by aerosol and causes pneumonia |
Coxiella |
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Classic trad for rickettsia and treatment. |
Headache, fever, rash (vasculitis) |
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Rickettsial diseases and vectors
A tickborne disease caused by Rickettsia rickettsia. Transmitted when a person is bitten by an tick infected organism (usually) a dog. Ricketsial rash starts on Palms and Soles(migrating to wrists, ankle and then the trunk). It is endemic to East Coast in spite of its name
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Rocky Mountain spotted fever (should be called Appalachian spotted fever)
*wood tick (Dermacentor andersoni) dog tick (Dermacentor mirabilis) |
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Rickettsial diseases and vectors
Caused by Rickettsia typhus, ocassionally by Rickettsia felis. It is a flea-borne rickettsial disease. Typhus rash starts centrally and spreads outward without involving palms or soles. |
Murine typhi or Endemic typhi |
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Rickettsial diseases and vectors
Also a tick-borne disease caused by Erlichia (genus of Rickettsia). No rash develops; instead granulocytes with berry clusters organisms evolve. |
Erlichiosis |
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Rickettsial diseases and vectors
Caused by Coxiella burnetti. (tick feces and cattle placenta release spores that are inhaled as aerosols). Has no rash, no vector, and has negative Weil-Felix, and its causative agent can survive outside for a long time and does not have Rickettsia genus as its name |
Q fever
*Only rickettsial disease not needing a vector *have endospore *causes pneumonia(only) similar to mycoplasma pneumonia. *no rash |
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Agglutination test for rickettsial infections. The basis of the test is the presence of antigenic cross-reactivity between Rickettsia spp. and certain serotypes of non-motileProteus spp., Different proteus O antigen would cross-react with different species of Rickettsia.
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Weil-Felix test (negative in Coxiella) Epidemic typhus was found to agglutinate in the presence of Proteus vulgaris
*Proteus vulgaris that share common antigens with Rickettsia are designated OX-2, OX-19, OX-K |
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What 3 infections causes Palm and sole rash? |
Coxsackievirus A infection, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and Syphilis |
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Obligate intracellular organisms that cause mucosal infections and cannot make their own ATP. Its cell wall is unusual because it lacks muramic acid. |
Chlamydiae |
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Form of chlamydiae that is infectious and enters the cell via endocytosis |
Elementary body (small, dense) |
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Replicate in cell by fission; form seen on tissue culture. |
Reticulate body/initial body |
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A chlamydia that causes reactive arthritis, conjunctivitis, nongococcal urethritis, and pelvic inflammatory disease. |
Chlamydia trachomatis
*topical tetracycline for conjunctivitis *infant pneumonia erythtomycin |
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These Chlamydia cause atypical pneumonia and is transmitted by aerosol |
C. pneumonia and C. psittaci
*CP strain TWAR (Taiwan and Acute respratory) |
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This Chlamydia is notable for an avian reservoir. Humans are infected by inhaling chlamydia-laden dust from feathers or dried-out feces |
C. psittaci |
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How chlamydial infections are diagnosed and treated? |
Diagnosis: cytoplasmic inclusions seen on Giemsa or fluorescent antibody-stained smear.
Treatment: Azithromycin or doxycycline. |
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Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes
Chronic infection, cause blindness due to follicular conjunctivits in Africa. |
Types A,B, and C Africa, Blindness, Chronic infection |
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Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes
Cause urethritis/PID, ectopic pregnancy, neonatal pneumonia (staccato cough), or neonatal conjunctivitis. |
Type D and K Neonatal disease can be acquired during passage through infected birth canal. |
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Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes
Causes lymphogranuloma venereum. Do not confuse with granuloma inguinale (donovanosis), which is caused by Klebsiella |
Type L-1,2,3 |
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Classic cause of atypical "walking pneumonia" (insidious onset, headache, nonproductive cough, diffuse interstitial infiltrate) |
Mycoplasma pneumonia X-ray looks worse than patient. High titer of cold agglutinins (IgM), which can agglutinate or lyse RBC's |
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Grow on Eaton's agar. No cell wall. Not seen on gram stain. Only bacterial membrane containing cholesterol. Resistant to penicillins. Treated with Tetracycline or Erythromycin. |
Mycoplasma pneumonia. years of age Frequent outbreaks in military recruits and prisons. |
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Typhoid fever symptoms
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Fever
Rose spots on belly. (either diffused or localized) |
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Treatment for typhoid fever
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Ciprofloxacin or Ceftriaxone
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Sepsis by salmonellosis is usually caused by?
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Salmonella cholerae
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Most common type of salmonella infection.
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Gastroenteritis (diarrhea)
caused ba salmonelle enteridis |
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Non-motile enterics
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Klebsiella
Shigella |
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Pathogenesis of Yersinia enterocolitica
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1. invasion (can lead to sepsis)
2. enterotoxin |
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Shape of vibrio cholerae
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Curved shape. monotrichous
Cholera toxin also known as choleragen. |
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Difference between LT of ETEC and choleragen.
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LT is transmitted via plasmid.
Choleragen is encoded on the chromosome |
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Looks like a vibrio cholerae. Also causes diarrhea. Has an additional cytotoxin that invades tissues
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Campylobacter jejuni
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Does not possess an endotoxin. Possesses a capsule
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Bacteroides fragilis
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A bacteroides producing black color on BAP. Causes periodontal disease and is associated with necrotizing pneumonia
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Bacteroides melaninogenicus
*fusobacterium also causes POD aspiration pneumonias like BM. |
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Responsible for sexually transmitted chancroid.
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Haemophilus ducreyi.
Different from syphilis(painless chancroid) |
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Treatment for chancroid. |
Erythromycin or chancroid |
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Brucella:
melitensis abortus suis canis
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goats causes abortions in cows pigs dogs |
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Colonizes the mouths of cats much in the same way as viridans does to human nasopharynx Infection acquired from cat/dog scratch/bite |
Pasteurella multocida (treated with penicillin or doxycycline)
*Bartonella (cat scratch fever) |
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Treatment for UTI |
A shot of 3rd gen cephalosporin followed by a 7-day course of doxycycline or 1 oral dose of azythromycin |
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"Chandelier sign" during bimanual vaginal examintaion |
Pelvic inflammatory Disease |
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Can develop in menChlamydia trachomatis, with urethritis and presents as unilateral scrotal swelling, tenderness, and pain, associated with pain and fever |
Epididymitis
*Other complication with CT infection. Reiter's syndrome (inflammation arthritis of large joints) |
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Rickettsia has a tropism for ENDOTHELIAL CELLS that line BLOOD VESSELS while chlamydia |
likes columnar epithelium |
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Rickettsial pox |
Caused by Rickettsia akari living on mice and is transmitted by mites. |
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Epidemic typhi |
Caused by Rickettsial prowazekii. louse-born typhus.
*Brill-zinners disease, reactivated epidemic typhi. much milder |
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Scrub typhus |
aka tsutsugamushi fever. Caused by R. tsutsugamushi
*spread by the bite of larvae (chiggers, live inthe soil) of mites which live on rodents |
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Trench fever
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louse-borne febrile disease caused by
Bartonella quintana |
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Erlichiosis in dogs is caused by Erlichia canis. While in humans is caused by?
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Chaffeensis
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A phenomenon characterized by worsening of symptoms of syphilis when antibiotic used is started
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Jarisch-Herxheimer phenomenon
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A subspecie of treponema pallidum which causes only skin discoloration and does not cause gummas
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carteum
*subspecies does not cause syphilis *subspecie endemicum causes endemic syphilis(transferred by sharing utensils; oral mucosa) |
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Treatment for Lyme's disease
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Doxy or penicillin
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Relapsing fever
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Borrelia recurrentis transmitted via body-louse (Pediculus humanus) |
Doxy or erythromycin
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"ice-tongs appearance" |
Leptospira
*leptospira interrogans question marked |
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Second or immune phase of leptospirosis |
appearance of IgM antibodies develops meningismus |
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Counterpart of PPD in M. leprae |
lepromin
*measure's the host ability to mount a delayed hypersensitivity against M. leprae |
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