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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gram - Cocci
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rare
-Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, Moraxella catarrhalis |
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae
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Gram - cocci
-STD producing urethritis (M)and cervicitis (F) -can leas to upper genital tract infection in females causing PID, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility -Tx: ceftriaxone, azithromycin, doxycycline, fluroquinolones |
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Neisseria meningitidis
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Gram - cocci
-important cause of sepsis and meningitis -potential to produce DIC -Tx. penicillin |
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Moraxella catarrhalis
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Gram - cocci
-common respiratory inhabitant -otitis media, bronchitis, community acquired pnemonia -B-lactamase positive |
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Gram - Bacilli
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wide variety of organisms, primary and opportunistic pathogens, many normal inhabitants of mucosal surfaces
-well known: Salmonella, Shigella, E. coli, Pseduomonas |
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Enterobacteriaceae
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Gram - Bacilli
-over 30 generae and 100 species -colonize GI and female genital tracts -many pathogens |
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Non-fermenters
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Gram - Bacilli
-don't use glucose -most common: Pseudomonas aeruginose -Others: Flavimonas, Acinetobacter, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Alcaligenes |
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Gram - Bacilli Respiratory Pathogens
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Haemophilus spp, Bordatella pertussis
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Gram - Bacilli GI Pathogens
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Vibria, Campylobacter
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Gram - Bacilli Zoonotic Infections
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Brucella, Francisella
-transmitted b/n animals and humans |
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Causes of Endocarditis
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HACEK:
H- Haemophilus spp A- Acinetobacter C- Capnocytophaga/Cardiobacterium E- Eikenella K- Kingella |
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4 Common characteristics of Enterobacteriaceae
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1. facultative anaerobes
2. glucose fermenters 3. cytochrome oxidase-negative 4. reduce nitrates to nitrite |
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Enterobacteriaceae Pathogens
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Salmonella, Shigella, E. coli, Yersinia, enterocolitica
-transmitted via fecal-oral route -varied pathogenesis ((invasive, enterotoxigenic) |
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Urinary Pathogens
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-E. coli: most common
-Proteus mirabilis -many other nosocomial pathogens (especially in catherized pts): Klebsiella pneumoniae, marcescens, Citrobacter, etc. |
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Respiratory Pathogens
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-primarily seen as nosocomial pathogens: Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae
-occasionally cause community acquired pneumonia in elderly -normall don't colonize upper respiratory tract -begin to colonize in illness w/ elmination of normal flora by antimicrobial therapy |
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Skin and Soft Tissue Pathogens
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-chronic, polymicrobial wound infections (decubiti, diabetic ulcers)
-virtually any member of enterobacteriaceae |
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Plague
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-zoonotic infection by Yersinia pestis
-rodents to humans via fleas or inhalation -rare in US |
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anti-Enterobacteriaceae activity
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-2nd and 3rd generation cephalosporins
-anti-pseudomonal penicillins -fluoroquinolones -Bactrim (TMP/SMX) |
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2nd generation cephalosporins
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cefotetan
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3rd generation cephalosporins
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ceftriaxone, ceftazadime
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anti-pseudomonal penicillins
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ticarcillin, ticarcillin/clavunlanate
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fluoroquinolones
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ciproflaxin, levofloxacin
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Proteus mirabilis (UTI) is usually suceptible to . . .
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Ampicillin
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Enterobacteriaceae that can be quite resistant
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Enterobacter spp, Klebsiella pneumoniae
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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Gram - Bacillus
-not Enterobacteriaceae opportunistic -nosocomial infections in pts previously receiving antimicrobial therapy -respiratory infections (most severe), UTI, skin infections in burn patients -strong antimicrobial resistance |
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tough drugs used to treat fairly resistant bugs
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-Aminoglycosides (gentamicin)
-Anti-pseudomonal penicillins (ticarcillin, timentin) -some 3rd gen cephalosporins (ceftazadime) -some quinolones (ciproflaxin) |
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Haemophilus
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Gram - bacillus
-H. influenzae: common inhabitant of respiratory tract -some encapsulated (typable) and some non-encapsulated (non-typeable) -H ducreyi: causes chancroid STD in non-industrialized countries and American prostitutes |
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Haemophilus influenzae type B
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most important pathogen in children 4 or younger
-typeable/encapsulated -causes otitis media, epiglottitis, bacteremia, meningitis -Ab to capsule given in routine immunization has reduced incidince of Hib |
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nontypable (non-encapsulated) Haemophilus influenzae
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cause bronchitis in COPD patients
-replaced by more resistant Gram - organisms with repeated therapy |
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Bordatella pertussis
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Gram - bacillus
-pertussis or whooping cough -acute tracheobronchitis that may protress to severe paroxysmal cough lasting 1-4 weeks |
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Non-Enterobacteriaceae GI pathogens
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Campylobacter, Helicobacter pylori, Vibrio
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Campylobacter
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Gram - bacillus
-farm animals and domestic pets -person to person transmission is less common -more common than Salmonela and Shigella combined in US |
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Helicobacter pylori
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causes gastritis and peptic ulcers
-attaches to mucus secreting cells of gastric mucosa -make a lot of urea and induce inflammatory response that damages mucosa |
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Vibrio cholera
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Gram - bacillus
-cause toxigenic diarrhea (cholera) -resulting in severe dehydration -transmitted by fecal contamination of food and water -live in salt water;more prevalent around Gulf of Mexico -eat improperly cooked sea food |
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Vibrio vulnificus
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Gram - bacillus
-enter via GI tract or skin (saltwater injuries) -rarely produce severe, disseminated cutaneous infections in pts with bad livers |
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Zoonotic Gram - bacilli
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Tularemia, Plague (Y. pestis), Brucellosis
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Tularemia
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Gram - bacilli
-Francisella tularensis infects > 100 species of rabbits, deer, and rodents -transmitted to humans during skinning or via ticks/mites/lice -begins as ulcer and spread to lymph nodes |
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Brucellosis
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Gram - bacilli
1. Brucellosis abortus (cows) 2. B. melitensis (goats/sheep) 3. B. suis (pigs -infect domestic food animals -humans that drink unpasteurized milk -infect macrophages of RES, induce abcess and granuloma formation -rare in US |
