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159 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
The United States
Exploring The United States
Where Is the United States
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 1

What country borders the United States to the north?
Canada
The United States
Exploring The United States
Where Is the United States
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 1

What mountain range is located in the eastern United States?
The Appalachian
The United States
Exploring The United States
Where Is the United States
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 1

--- is one type of feature that helps define a place’s climate.
Precipitation
The United States
Exploring The United States
Where Is the United States
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 1

Why are the Great Lakes a source of fresh water and the Atlantic Ocean is not?
The Atlantic Ocean has too much salt (as do all oceans).
The United States
Exploring The United States
Where Is the United States
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 1

Describe where the United States is located in the world.
Most of the United States is located east of the Pacific Ocean, west of the Atlantic Ocean, south of Canada, and north of Mexico.
The United States
Exploring The United States
Where Is the United States
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 1

The equator divides the Earth into the --- and ---
Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere
The United States
Exploring The United States
Where Is the United States
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 1

On what continent is the United States part of?
North America
The United States
Exploring The United States
Where Is the United States
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 1

You can use other countries to describe --- location
relative
The United States
Exploring The United States
Where Is the United States
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 1

The United States shares much of its southern border with ---.
Mexico
The United States
Exploring The United States
Where Is the United States
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 1

The --- Ocean forms the western border of the United States.
Pacific
The United States
Exploring The United States
Where Is the United States
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 1

The --- Ocean forms the eastern border of the United States.
Atlantic
The United States
Exploring The United States
Where Is the United States
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 1

The --- forms part of the southern border of the United States.
Gulf of Mexico
The United States
Exploring The United States
The American Landscape
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 2

Name 4 types of landforms.
Mountains, plateaus, hills, plains
The United States
Exploring The United States
Climate in the United States
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 3

Water that falls to Earth’s surface as rain, sleet, or snow is ---.
precipitation.
The United States
Exploring The United States
Climate in the United States
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 3

The temperature, precipitation, and wind in a place on a given day is the ---.
weather
The United States
Exploring The United States
Climate in the United States
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 3

The closer a place is to this, the warmer it usually is.
the equator
The United States
Exploring The United States
Climate in the United States
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 3

These warm the land near the coast in winter and cool it in summer
oceans
The United States
Exploring The United States
Climate in the United States
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 3

The kind of weather a place has over a normal year is its ---.
climate
The United States
Exploring The United States
Climate in the United States
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 3

How hot or cold the air is the ---.
temperature
The United States
Exploring The United States
Climate in the United States
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 3

Because of this, temperatures become cooler as you go higher above sea level.
elevation
The United States
Exploring The United States
Climate in the United States
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 3

Moisture in the air is called ---.
humidity
The United States
Exploring The United States
The American Landscape
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 2

Is the following place in the eastern, western or the middle of the United States?

Central Plains
Middle
The United States
Exploring The United States
The American Landscape
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 2

Is the following place in the eastern, western or the middle of the United States?

Rocky Mountains
western
The United States
Exploring The United States
The American Landscape
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 2
Is the following place in the eastern, western or the middle of the United States?

Coastal Plains
eastern
The United States
Exploring The United States
The American Landscape
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 2

Is the following place in the eastern, western or the middle of the United States?

Great Lakes
middle
The United States
Exploring The United States
The American Landscape
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 2

Is the following place in the eastern, western or the middle of the United States?

Appalachian Mountains
eastern
The United States
Exploring The United States
The American Landscape
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 2

Is the following place in the eastern, western or the middle of the United States?

Great Basin
western
The United States
Exploring The United States
The American Landscape
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 2

Is the following place in the eastern, western or the middle of the United States?

Mississippi River
middle
The United States
Exploring The United States
The American Landscape
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 2

Is the following place in the eastern, western or the middle of the United States?

Ozark Plateau
middle
The United States
Exploring The United States
The American Landscape
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 2

Is the following place in the eastern, western or the middle of the United States?

Great Plains
middle
The United States
Exploring The United States
The American Landscape
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 2

Is the following place in the eastern, western or the middle of the United States?

Mount McKinley
western
The United States
Exploring The United States
Natural Resources
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 4

What are two ways in which people use trees as a resource?
homes, furniture, pencils, paper
The United States
Exploring The United States
Natural Resources
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 4

What are two ways in which people use water as a resource?
drinking, washing, cooking, boating, in industry, to make electricity
The United States
Exploring The United States
Natural Resources
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 4

Name two ways in which people use minerals as a resource.
wire, coins, pots, jewelry, buildings, roads
The United States
Exploring The United States
Natural Resources
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 4

Name two ways in which people use fuels as a resource.
cooking, heating, and making steel, gasoline, plastics, paint, tires.
The United States
Exploring The United States
Natural Resources
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 4

What are renewable resources?
Resources that can be replaced within the one lifespan.
The United States
Exploring The United States
Natural Resources
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 4

What are nonrenewable resources?
Resources that would take too long to renew. For examples, oil takes millions of years to renew.
The United States
Exploring The United States
Natural Resources
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 4

Name 3 renewable resources.
fish, livestock, plants, soil, water
The United States
Exploring The United States
Natural Resources
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 4

Name 3 nonrenewable resources.
coal, copper, limestone, natural gas, oil
The United States
Exploring the United States
Where Is the United States?
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 1

The --- circles Earth halfway between the North and South Poles.
equator
The United States
Exploring the United States
Where Is the United States?
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 1

The United Sates is north of the equator, so it is in the --- ---.
Northern Hemisphere
The United States
Exploring the United States
Where Is the United States?
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 1

Our nation is on the --- of North American.
continent
The United States
Exploring the United States
Where Is the United States?
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 1

The United States shares much of its southern --- with Mexico.
border
The United States
Exploring the United States
The American Landscape
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 2

The United States has a variety of ---, including mountains, plains, and basins.
landforms
The United States
Exploring the United States
Where Is the United States?
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 1

The Ozark --- is a high, flat area of land on the Interior Plains.
Plateau
The United States
Exploring the United States
Where Is the United States?
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 1

The Mississippi River runs through the Interior Plains. Its --- is a small lake in Minnesota. Its --- is on the Gulf of Mexico.
a. source
b. mouth
The United States
Exploring the United States
Climate in the United States
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 3

The kind of weather a place has over a normal year is that’s place’s ---.
climate
The United States
Exploring the United States
Climate in the United States
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 3

What are the three ways to describe the climate of an area?
temperature, precipitation, humidity
The United States
Exploring the United States
Natural Resources
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 4

People use --- to make sure we do not run out of nonrenewable resources.
conservation
The United States
Exploring the United States
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Review

The United States is diverse in its ---, ----, and ----.
geography, climate, and natural resources.
The United States
Exploring the United States
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Review

How is the United States diverse in its geography?
The United States has a variety of landforms and bodies of water, including mountains, plateaus, basins, lakes, and rivers.
The United States
Exploring the United States
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Review

How is the United States diverse in its climate?
Different parts of the United States have different climates. Distance from the equator and from the ocean, elevation, and landforms all affect a place’s climate.
The United States
Exploring the United States
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Review

How is the United States diverse in its resources?
The United States has many natural resources, including soil, trees, water, minerals, and fuels.
The United States
Exploring the United States
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Review

Why do people set aside certain places, such as Crater Lake, to be national parks?
to protect the land and water; to provide places for all people to enjoy the natural beauty of the United States
The United States
Exploring the United States
Where Is the United States?
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 1

Define “hemisphere”.
the halves of the Earth
The United States
Exploring the United States
Where Is the United States?
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 1

What is the equator?
An imaginary line that circles Earth halfway between the North Pole and the South Pole
The United States
Exploring the United States
Where Is the United States?
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 1

What is the prime meridian?
An imaginary line that divides Earth into the Western and Eastern Hemispheres.
The United States
Exploring the United States
Where Is the United States?
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 1

What is a continent?
large land mass
The United States
Exploring the United States
Where Is the United States?
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 1

Name the 7 continents.
North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Australia, Antarctica, and Africa.
The United States
Exploring the United States
Where Is the United States?
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 1

What is “relative location”?
To name a place as it is in relation to other places on Earth
The United States
Exploring the United States
Where Is the United States?
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 1


What is a border?
a line that shows the end of a place
The United States
Exploring the United States
Where Is the United States?
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 1

What is a gulf?
a part of an ocean or a sea that reaches into the land.
The United States
Exploring the United States
Where Is the United States?
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 1

What are lines of latitude?
Lines of latitude run east and west. The equator is a line of latitude.
The United States
Exploring the United States
Where Is the United States?
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 1

What are lines of longitude?
Lines of longitude run north and south. The prime meridian is a line of longitude.
The United States
Exploring the United States
Where Is the United States?
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 1

What is “absolute location”?
By stating latitude and longitude, you can describe the absolute location, or exact location, of a place.
The United States
Exploring the United States
Where Is the United States?
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 1

Use bodies of water to describe the relative location of the United States.
The Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, Canada, and Mexico form the borders of the United States.
The United States
Exploring the United States
Where Is the United States?
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 1

What are 4 things that can describe the United States “relative location”?
1. continent: North America 2. Hemispheres: Northern and Western 3. Bodies of water: Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and the Gulf of Mexico 4. Countries at the borders: Canada and Mexico
The United States
Exploring the United States
Where Is the United States?
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 1

Which two states do not lie between Canada and Mexico?
Hawaii and Alaska
The United States
Exploring the United States
Where Is the United States?
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 1

What is the location of Alaska relative to Canada?
Alaska is west of Canada.
The United States
Exploring the United States
Where Is the United States?
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 1

What is the relative location of Hawaii?
Hawaii lies in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, between North America and Asia
The United States
Exploring the United States
The American Landscape
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 2

What is a landform?
Features such as mountains, hills, valleys, and plains that make up Earth’s surface.
The United States
Exploring the United States
The American Landscape
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 2

Define: sea level
Sea level is level with the surface of the ocean.
The United States
Exploring the United States
The American Landscape
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 2

Define: Coastal Plain
A coastal plain is an area of low land that lies along the coast of an ocean.
The United States
Exploring the United States
The American Landscape
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 2

What major landform is west of west the Coastal Plain?
Appalachian Mountians
The United States
Exploring the United States
The American Landscape
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 2

Describe the Appalachian Mountians
The Appalachian Mountains is a chain of mountains stretching more than 1,500 miles from Alabama into Canada. The mountains appear rounded because they have been worn down by rain and wind.
The United States
Exploring the United States
The American Landscape
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 2

What two major landforms cover most of the eastern United States?
The Coastal Plain and the Appalachian Mountains
The United States
Exploring the United States
The American Landscape
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 2

What body of water is the Gulf of Mexico part of?
the Atlantic Ocean
The United States
Exploring the United States
The American Landscape
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 2

What are the four major landforms?
Mountains, plateaus, hills, and plains
The United States
Exploring the United States
The American Landscape
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 2

What kind of landform covers most of the middle part of the United States?
plains
The United States
Exploring the United States
The American Landscape
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 2

Where are the Interior Plains?
After you cross the Appalachian Mountains, you reach a huge area of low, grassy lands. These plains reach north from Mexico, through the middle of the United States, and into Canada.
The United States
Exploring the United States
The American Landscape
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 2

What is known as the Central Plains?
The eastern part of the Interior Plains is known as the Central Plains.
The United States
Exploring the United States
The American Landscape
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 2

What two regions do geographers divide the Interior Plains into?
Central Plains and Great Plains
The United States
Exploring the United States
The American Landscape
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 2

Name the 5 Great Lakes.
1. Lake Superior
2. Lake Michigan
3. Lake Huron
4. Lake Erie
5. Lake Ontario
The United States
Exploring the United States
The American Landscape
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 2

Define a plateau.
A high, flat area of land
The United States
Exploring the United States
The American Landscape
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 2

What is a river system?
A river and its tributaries
The United States
Exploring the United States
The American Landscape
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 2

What is a river system?
A river and its tributaries
The United States
Exploring the United States
The American Landscape
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 2

What is the name of the beginning of a river?
source
The United States
Exploring the United States
The American Landscape
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 2

What is the name of the place where a river empties into a larger body of water?
mouth
The United States
Exploring the United States
The American Landscape
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 2

What is a tributary?
A river or stream that flows into a larger river. Together, a river and its tributaries make up a river system.
The United States
Exploring the United States
The American Landscape
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 2

What does it mean that the Gulf is the mouth of the Mississippi River?
The Mississippi River ends where it empties its water into the Gulf of Mexico.
The United States
Exploring the United States
The American Landscape
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 2

Which tributaries join the Mississippi from the east?
Ohio and Tennessee Rivers
The United States
Exploring the United States
The American Landscape
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 2

What mountains would you see if you were traveling west from the Interior Plains?
The Rocky Mountains
The United States
Exploring the United States
The American Landscape
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 2

How long are the Rocky Mountains?
The Rockies are North America’s longest mountain range. The Rockies stretch more than 3,000 miles from Mexico all the way to Alaska.
The United States
Exploring the United States
The American Landscape
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 2

What is a basin?
A basin is a low, bowl-shaped land with higher ground around it.
The United States
Exploring the United States
The American Landscape
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 2

Describe the Great Basin.
The Great Basin has some of the driest and lowest lands in North America.
The United States
Exploring the United States
The American Landscape
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 2

Name 2 mountain ranges in the Intermountain Region.
Sierra Nevada, Cascade Range, and Coast Ranges
The United States
Exploring the United States
The American Landscape
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 2

What landforms cover the western United States?
Mountains, basins, plateaus, canyons, and valleys
The United States
Exploring the United States
The American Landscape
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 2

What are the major landforms in the United States?
Mountains, plateaus, hills, and plains
The United States
Exploring the United States
The American Landscape
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 2

What are the oldest mountains in North America?
Appalachian Mountains
The United States
Exploring the United States
The American Landscape
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 2

What is the highest point in the United States?
Mount McKinley in Alaska
The United States
Exploring the United States
Natural Resources
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 4

What is groundwater?
the water that sinks beneath Earth's surface when it rains or snows.
The United States
Exploring the United States
Natural Resources
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 4
How is groundwater useful to people?
people dig deep wells to get groundwater.
The United States
Exploring the United States
Natural Resources
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 4

What is an industry?
all the businesses that make one kind of product or provide one kind of services.
The United States
Exploring the United States
Natural Resources
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 4

What are the major sources of fresh water?
lakes, rivers, streams, and groundwater
The United States
Exploring the United States
Natural Resources
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 4

How is water used to produce energy?
The energy from moving water can be used to produce electricity. That electricy lights homes and offices and runs machines in factories.
The United States
Exploring the United States
Natural Resources
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 4

What are minerals?
natural substances found in rocks.
The United States
Exploring the United States
Natural Resources
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 4

Give 3 examples of minerals.
gold, limestone, sand
The United States
Exploring the United States
Natural Resources
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 4

What is conservation?
the protecting of natural resources and using them wisely
The United States
Exploring the United States
Natural Resources
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 4

What are two ways in which people can conserve natural resources?
recycle or reuse products
The United States
Exploring the United States
Natural Resources
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 4

Why is conservation important?
Because it allows people to protect natural resources and use them wisely.
Where is Illinois?
Unit 1

Which lake sits on Illini's northeastern border?
Lake Michigan
Where is Illinois?
Unit 1

Define: heartland
a name given to a centrally located geographical region that is important to a nation.
Where is Illinois?
Unit 1

Which of the states in the Midwest could also be considered Great Lakes states like Illinois?
Ohio, Michigan, Indian, Wisconsin, and Minnesota
Land and Water in Illinois
Unit 1

What is glaciation?
the action of glaciers
Land and Water in Illinois
Unit 1

What is a glacier?
a huge, slow-moving mass of ice
Land and Water in Illinois
Unit 1

How did glaciers shape Illinois?
Over thousands of years, glaciers moved slowly down the middle of NOrth America. They changed the landforms, flattening hills and filling in valleys.
Land and Water in Illinois
Unit 1

What process changed the landorms of Illinois?
glaciation
Land and Water in Illinois
Unit 1

What is the longest river in Illinois?
the Illinois River
Land and Water in Illinois
Unit 1

Name at least two tributaries of the Illinois River.
Fox, Sangamon, Sp[oon, Vermilion Rivers
Land and Water in Illinois
Unit 1

In what ways are lakes created?
Lakes can be made by damming rivers
Illinois Climate
Unit 1

What is the climate in Illinois?
temperate

The climate of Illniois can range from icy winter weather to warm summer weather.
Illinois Climate
Unit 1

What is daylight saving time?
the practice of turning clocks forward one hour, begins in spring.
Illinois Climate
Unit 1

What is the purpose of daylight saving time?
results in more daylight in the spring and summer
Illinois Resources
Unit

Why was the Central Plains region attractive to both Native Americans and settlers?
The fertile soil is good for farming.
Illinois Resources
Unit 1

What are some of the major crops grown in Illinois?
soybeans, corn, and grains
Illinois Resources
Unit 1

Why are Illinois's lakes and rivers important resources?
They provide drinking water and fishing
Illinois Resources
Unit 1

What is a fossil fuel?
is a burnable material that has formed from the remains of living matter over thousands of years
Illinois Resources
Unit 1

Why is fossil fuels a natural resources?
can be turned into energy or used as raw materials to make other products
Illinois Resources
Unit 1

Where in Illinois does dairy farming occur?
the northeast corner of the state
Illinois Resources
Unit 1

How is the majority of land in Illinois used?
general farming
Illinois Resources
Unit 1

How is the land used along the Kaskaskia River?
general farming and coal mining
Illinois Resources
Unit 1

What fossil fuel is found near the city of Peoria?
coal
Illinois Resources
Unit 1

What are some of Illinois's natural resources?
fertile soil, water, petroleum, coal, natural gas, lead, zinc, peat, limestone, gravel, clay
Illinois Resources
Unit 1

What is reforestation?
by planting new forests to replace those cut down
Illinois Resources
Unit 1

What natural resourcewas named the state mineral but is no longer mined in Illinois?
flourite
Illinois Resources
Unit 1

What other type of company besides mining and paper companies would have to pratice reforestation?
lumber companies
Illinois Resources
Unit 1

What can students do to help conserve resources?
recycle
Illinois Environment
Unit 1

What is a preserve?
a protected area
Illinois Environment
Unit 1

The --- is a hilly land that covers the northwest corner of the state.
Dritless Area
Illinois Environment
Unit 1

Glaciers formed the area that become Lake ---. The body of water acts as the border of northeastern Illnois
Michigan
Illinois Environment
Unit 1

Nearly all of the streams and rivers in Illnois feed into the -- --- system.
Mississippi River
Illinois Environment
Unit 1

A --- is a protected natural area.
preserve
Illinois Environment
Unit 1

The discovery of --- led to the development of industries in Illinois.
minerals
Illinois Environment
Unit 1

The --- are an area in Central Illinois with fertile soil
Till Plains
Illinois Environment
Unit 1

--- is another name for an important, centrallylocated area of a country.
Heartland
Illinois Environment
Unit 1

--- --- are important natural resources that are found underground.
Fossil fuels
Illinois Environment
Unit 1

The ecosystem that once covered most of the land of illinois is called ---.
prairie
Illinois Environment
Unit 1

Illinois is located in the --- region of the United States.
Midwest
Illinois Environment
Unit 1

In which geographic region is the capital of Illinois located?
Central Illinois
Illinois Environment
Unit 1

Which state borders Lake Michigan, Ohio, and Illinois?
Indiana
Illinois Environment
Unit 1

What major city borders Lake Michigan?
Chicago
Illinois Environment
Unit 1

What are Illinos's major ecosystems?
prairie, forest, wetland, rivers and streams, lakes
Illinois Environment
Unit 1

What does waste from manufacturing do to the environment?
pollutes it, kills plants and animals
Illinois Environment
Unit 1

Why does Illinois have flat plains and many rivers?
Glaciers flattened the land and left behind manyt lakes and rivers.
Illinois Environment
Unit 1

How might Illinois be different if it were not near the Mississippi River?
River transportation would be harder. There would be no access to the Gulf of Mexico.
Illinois Environment
Unit 1

What is one of Illinois's important fossill fuel resources?
coal
Illinois Environment
Unit 1

What is one way that man's activities have affected the environment in Illinois?
Surface mining stripped away topsoil and trees, paper comnpanies harvested forests, and some prairies were turned into farmland
Illinois Environment
Unit 1

What are some ways Illinoisians protect the environment?
They recycle; they restore prairie land and other ecosystems
Illinois Environment
Unit 1

What are some natural events that effect ecosystems in Illinois?
flooding and climate change