Grade 11 English And Philosophy Exam Reviews

Front 1

Style

Back 1

-the way something is written (rather than meaning)

-should choose appropriate style for audience & purpose

-consistency is key (*shifts in style are for specific effort)

Front 2

Diction

Back 2

-word choice (fits audience and purpose)

-connotations- emotional weight behind a word (positive, negative, neutral)

Front 3

Tone

Back 3

-the overall emotion projected by the writer

-objective vs subjective, logical vs emotional, intimate vs distant, etc.

Front 4

Voice

Back 4

-what makes your writing sound like "you"

Front 5

Tragedy

Back 5

a dramatic or literary work in which the main character is brought to ruin or suffers extreme sorrow, especially as a consequence of a tragic, moral weakness, or inability to cope with unfavourable circumstances

Front 6

Hubris

Back 6

-overbearing pride, arrogance

-exaggerated pride or self-confidence, resulting in fatal retribution

-the hero plunges to disaster due to being overly confidence

Front 7

Hamartia

Back 7

tragic flaw, ultimately contributes to the downfall of the hero

Front 8

Nemesis

Back 8

-goddess of retribution, the avenger

-one that brings on ones destruction or downfall

Front 9

Tragic Flaw

Back 9

personality flaw in the protagonist that brings them to ruin

Front 10

Key Elements/Themes in Macbeth

Back 10

-Blood

-Gender Roles

-Fate vs Free Will

-The Hero

Front 11

The Great Chain of Being

Back 11

concept of order (if broken=chaos)

-Gods/Angels

-Royalty

-Man

-Animals

-Plants

-Inanimate Objects

Front 12

Allusion

Back 12

casual reference to something well known from earlier literature, mythology, history, etc.

Front 13

Aside

Back 13

comment or spoken thought, usually brief, intended only for the audience

Front 14

Catastrophe

Back 14

the final incident in a tragedy, when the main conflict ends with the protagonist's death

Front 15

Catharsis

Back 15

cleansing of emotions, particularly pity and terror, experienced by the audience at the conclusion of a tragedy (thought by Aristotle)

Front 16

Comic Relief

Back 16

humourous episode or scene in a serious play that allows relief from tension, heightens suspense by delaying incidents anticipated by the auidence

Front 17

Dramatic Irony

Back 17

effect produced when the words or actions of a character have significance unknown to himself or herself, but known to the audience

Front 18

Foil

Back 18

a character whose qualities and actions set off by contrast those of a more important character

Front 19

Hubris

Back 19

pride, supreme overconfidence

Front 20

Imagery

Back 20

-mental impressions created by skillful use of diction that appeals to any of the five senses

-figurative (not literal) language which conveys word pictures and evokes imaginative and emotional response

Front 21

Machiavellion

Back 21

dissembling villain for whom the end - his own success - justifies the means, anything is okay to do to get what you want

Front 22

Metaphor

Back 22

implied and indirect comparison

Front 23

Mood

Back 23

feeling evoked in the audience by atmosphere through dialogue and action

Front 24

Pathetic Fallacy

Back 24

events in a play mirroring onto the weather

Front 25

Paradox

Back 25

an apparent contradiction which may nevertheless contain a truth

Front 26

Pathos

Back 26

feeling bad for the characters

Front 27

Rhyming Couplet

Back 27

a pair of rhyming lines to show that they or important or its the end of the scene

Front 28

Solioquy

Back 28

speech made to only the audience

Front 29

Symbol

Back 29

specific object, person or incident that also carries a deeper meaning beyond itself

Front 30

Word play

Back 30

witty and humourous dialogue (puns, quibbles, riddles)

Front 31

Opposites

Back 31

two juxtaposing images used together for contrast

Front 32

Reversal

Back 32

change in fortune

Front 33

Juxtapostion

Back 33

side by side comparison

Front 34

Onomatopoeia

Back 34

sound being expressed as a word (bang, etc.)

Front 35

Thesis statement

Back 35

what the essay will prove about a text

Front 36

Directional statement

Back 36

three ways you will prove your thesis

Front 37

Transitional words/phrases

Back 37

ways to briefly introduces next point/paragraph so it transitions smoother

Front 38

PPAL

Back 38

Point, Proof, Analysis, Link

Front 39

Setting

Back 39

-establish time/place for the narrative

-create atmosphere appropriate for action, evoking mood

Front 40

Plot

Back 40

-background info

-drive main plot or subplot

-give reported info

-foreshadow coming events, anticipation and suspense

-prevent crisis

-dramatic irony

Front 41

Character

Back 41

-reveal character: show development & earlier traits

-establish relationships between characters or present contrast/foil

-evoke pathos

Front 42

Theme

Back 42

universal truth the characters illustrate

Front 43

Other

Back 43

offer comic relief that may provide another POV

-imagery, symbolism, motif important to understanding character or theme

Front 44

Protagonist

Back 44

main character

Front 45

Antagonist

Back 45

character against the protagonist

Front 46

Verbal irony

Back 46

saying something but meaning something different

Front 47

Situational Irony

Back 47

the exact opposite of what was supposed to happen happens

Front 48

Central themes in Player One

Back 48

-apocalypse

-different writing styles/views on life

-how technology has evolved the human species and language

-time, religion, an afterlife, and communication

-our own sense of self and our souls

Front 49

Logic

Back 49

the study of principles of correct reasoning and evaluation of arguments

Front 50

Ethics

Back 50

the study of questions and issues associated with what is morally right or wrong and what is a good life

Front 51

Metaphysics

Back 51

the examination of such topics as what is ultimate reality (the basis of everything else), relationship between mind and matter, existence of a god, concept of self, and meaning of life

Front 52

Epistemology

Back 52

the examination of the nature and limits of human knowledge, truth, the role of perception in the knowing process, and on what basis we claim to know what we think we know

Front 53

Aesthetics

Back 53

the exploration of the nature and value of the arts and the experiences that we have when we enjoy the arts, including the examination of such questions as what is "art" and what is "beauty"

Front 54

Social-Political

Back 54

the study of such questions as what is an "ideal" or "good/just society", what is the "best" form of government, and how much freedom should citizens have

Front 55

Buzzwords

Back 55

words that do not have a singular definition and can mean different things to different people

Front 56

Socratic Problem

Back 56

Socrates never wrote anything himself, so we are unsure if the writing he supposedly said are really his beliefs or Plato's beliefs or a mixture due to him writing for him

Front 57

Pluralism

Back 57

the belief that reality consists of of more than two things

Front 58

Dualism

Back 58

the belief that reality consists of two things

Front 59

Monism

Back 59

the belief that reality consists of one thing

Front 60

Democritus

Back 60

-Monist

-Everything is made of atoms

-No random events

-Scientific belief of today (atoms)

Front 61

Plato

Back 61

-Dualist

-2 realities material world & world of ideas/concepts

-Mind might be separate from brain

Front 62

Hobbes

Back 62

-Monist

-All is matter, everything is physical

-Consciousness is a byproduct of matter

Front 63

Inductive reasoning/arguments

Back 63

involves drawing conclusions from evidence based on observations or experience

Front 64

Deductive reasoning/arguments

Back 64

involves deducing or drawing conclusions from given premises or definitions

Front 65

Categorical syllogism

Back 65

when talking about categories or groups

(ex: all x are y, all z are x, therefore all z are y)

Front 66

Hypothetical syllogism

Back 66

when using if type arguments

(ex: if x then y, if y then z, therefore x then z)

Front 67

Disjunctive syllogism

Back 67

when using either or type arguments

(ex: either x or y, not x, therefore y)

Front 68

Fallacy

Back 68

a mistake in reasoning

Front 69

EQ (Emotional Quotient)

Back 69

-situational based questions with possible reactions

-examines ones feelings/emotions about oneself and about others

Front 70

IQ (Intelligence Quotient)

Back 70

-patterns-linguistic

-language skills-vocabulary

-logic formulate

-common knowledge

Problem: skills vary, only test math, logic, and linguistics skill, not creativity or responses to situations

Front 71

Multiple Intelligences

Back 71

-different ways of learning

-developed by Gardner, who believes everyone has a set of seven separate intelligences (not including the two new ones

Front 72

Social Contract Theory

Back 72

-agreement among people to share certain interests and make certain compromises for the good of them all

-by simply living in a society, a person agrees, indirectly if not directly, to follow this agreement

Front 73

S.C.T. - Hobbes

Back 73

our need for mutual protection "you don't hurt me and I wont hurt you"

Front 74

S.C.T. - Locke

Back 74

-no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions

-can stop obeying the govt when they try to take away, enslave, and destroy the property of the people

Front 75

S.C.T. - Rousseau

Back 75

-General Will

-must conform

-if enough people disagree with the social contract then it can be broken

Front 76

S.C.T. - Rawls

Back 76

-veil of ignorance

-theory of justice

-people will create rules if no other reason to protect themselves

-requires equality to decide who has basic rights and duties

-social and economic inequalities are just only if they result in compensating benefits for all, especially for the least advantaged members of society

Front 77

The Law of Non-Contradiction

Back 77

nothing can and cant be at the same time in the same respect

Front 78

The Law of the Excluded Middle

Back 78

something either is or is not

Front 79

The Law of Identity

Back 79

something is what it is, no in between

Front 80

Necessary truths

Back 80

statements that have to be true, not possible to to be false

Front 81

Contingent truth

Back 81

statements that just happen to be true, if things were different they might not have been true

Front 82

Analytic truths

Back 82

true by definition or deduction, are necessary, abound in math or logic

Front 83

Synthetic truths

Back 83

true of the world, are contingent, abound in natural sciences

Front 84

a priori knowledge

Back 84

-what one knows before taking into account observations or evidence

-may include necessary/analytic truths, assumptions, given facts, etc.

Front 85

a posterior knowledge

Back 85

-what one knows after taking into account observations and evidence

-may include laws and expectations of natural or social phenema

Front 86

Veil of Ignorance

Back 86

put aside your own needs and biases to make a better decision for the greater good (John Rawls)

Front 87

Divine Right to Rule

Back 87

-given authority by God or gods

-sometimes believed needed justice to support it, but didn't usually happen

Front 88

Might-Makes-Right Theory

Back 88

-power determines legitimacy

-usually favoured by those already in power

Front 89

Utilitarian Theory

Back 89

-protection of minority rights

-work towards the greatest good of greatest number of citizens

-legitimate as long as the public interest is taken care of

Front 90

Justice theory

Back 90

-if justice=equality, then a legitimate state will insure equality

-if justice=everyone in his/her place, then a legitimate state will ensure this

Front 91

Consent of the Governed Theory

Back 91

-believes serving the public interest as well as justice for everyone

-those who are ruled should have some say on how they are ruled and a choice on who rules them

Front 92

Plato's Allegory of the Cave

Back 92

-people chained in cave and their only reality is the shadows on the wall, they have to be dragged out of the cave to be in the real world

1. People are reluctant to change, we are creatures of habit

2. People are confused about reality and sometimes do not make the distinction between appearance and reality.

3. The search for knowledge, truth and alternative ways of thinking can be painful, people struggle with with new ways of looking at the world.

Front 93

Empiricism

Back 93

-belief that knowledge is the result of experience (no experience=no knowledge)

-William of Occam, Francis bacon, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, David Hume

Front 94

Rationalism

Back 94

-belief that we are born with all knowledge

-Rene Descartes, Plato

Front 95

Hedonism

Back 95

the ethical theory that pleasure is the highest good and proper aim of life

Front 96

Altruism

Back 96

the principle practice of concern of the welfare of others

Front 97

Ethical Absolutism

Back 97

a moral view that particular actions are intrinsically right or wrong

Front 98

Ethical Relativism

Back 98

Cultural - all cultures have different views and methods for thinking

Descriptive - all cultures have different views and morals

Normative - nothing is universally moral or accepted, everything is relative

Front 99

Existentialism

Back 99

a philosophical theory or approach that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development

-Ripple effect

Front 100

Egoism

Back 100

the theory that ones self is, or should be, the motivation and the goal of ones own action

Descriptive - people are motivated by their own interests and desires

Normative - people should be so motivated, regardless of what presently motivates their behaviour

Front 101

Validity

Back 101

the form or pattern of an argument

Front 102

Truth

Back 102

the content of a premise

(*therefore "arguments are never "true" and "premises" are never "valid")