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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How are ionic compounds formed? |
By the transfer of electrons from a metal to a non-metal |
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How are cations or positive (+) ions formed? |
When a metal looses electrons to become stable |
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How are anions or negative (-) ions formed? |
When non-metals gain electrons to become stable |
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What forms an ionic bond? |
Cations and anions become attracted to each other to form an ionic bond. The resulting ionic compound has an overall neutral charge. |
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Proton |
Location: in nucleus Charge: 1+ (positive) Mass: 1 a.m.u |
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Neutron |
Location: in nucleus Charge: neutral Mass: 1 a.m.u |
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Electron |
Location: orbits nucleus Charge: 1- (negative) Mass: 1/1867 |
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How do you calculate subatomic particles? |
Protons = Atomic number Electrons = # of protons Neutrons = Atomic mass - Atomic # |
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What is standard atomic notation? |
Standard atomic notation is used to represent an element outside of the periodic table |
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Atom |
Smallest particle of matter that retains the properties of the element |
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Ion |
Charged atom that has gained or lost electrons |
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Metals |
Lose electrons and become positive ions |
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Non-metals |
Gain electrons and become negative ions |
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Stable Ions |
Atoms become stable ions by emptying or filling a valence shell |
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Valence Shell |
Outer shell that contains electrons |
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How do you find the Ionic Charge? |
Protons - electrons |
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Naming Ionic Compounds |
Metals are listed first, non-metals second, drop the non-metal's ending and add "-ide" |
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What are the 2 types of compounds? |
Ionic - metals and non-metals, transfer of electrons creates positive and negative electrons, charged particles attract each other Molecular - 2 or more non-metals that share electrons creating a bond |
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How are ionic compounds formed? |
by the union of positive metallic ions with negative non-metallic ions as a result of a transfer of electrons |
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What makes up molecular compounds? |
Only non-metals |
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What do covalent bonds do? |
Hold molecular compounds together |
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How do you determine the number of bonds a molecular compound will make? |
The number of electrons needed to fill the outer shell of an atom determines the number of bonds it will make |
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What are the greek prefixes? |
Mono – 1 Di – 2 Penta – 5 Hex – 6 Hepta – 7 Octa – 8 Nona – 9 Deca – 10 |
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Polyatomic Ionic Compounds |
metal bonded to a group of non-metals |
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Chemical Property |
Characteristic reaction that occurs when substances react to form a new product |
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Physical property |
Characteristics property of a substance (element or compound) that does not change the substance |
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Indicators of a Chemical Change |
- colour change - heat/cold being produced - Gas being created (bubbles) or smoke - Production of light - Precipitate is formed - New substance is being formed - Difficult to reverse |
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Law of Conservation of Mass |
The number of atoms of each element (simply rearrange) |
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Law of Constant Composition |
Atoms combine in definite (constant) ratios/amounts when they make compounds |
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What is the order you need to follow to balance chemical equations? |
- Metals - Ions (Polyatomic) - Non-metals - Oxygen - Hydrogen |
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Synthesis |
A + B = AB In a synthesis reaction Z elements or small molecules (A + B) are combined to form 1 product (AB) |
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Decomposition |
AB = A + B In a decomposition reaction, 1 molecule (AB) is split to form 2 elements or small molecules (A+B) as products |
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Single Displacement |
A + BC = AC + B (Where A and B are metals) A + BC = BA + C (A and C are non-metals) A single displacement reaction involves an element and a compound (A+BC) as reactants forming a different compound and element (AC+B) as products |
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Double Displacement |
AB + CD = AD + CB (A and C are metals) A double displacement reaction involves 2 compounds (AB+CD) that “switch partners” to form 2 different compounds (AD + BC) |
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Nucleolus |
Small dark spot in the nucleus (produces genetic material) |
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Chromosome |
Genetic material (determines how proteins are made) |
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Nucleus |
Control center of cell (Contains genetic information) |
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Ribosome |
produces proteins |
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Mitochondria |
Power plant of the cell (produces energy for the cell) |
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Cell Membrane |
Regulates what enters/leaves the cell (Gate keeper) |
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Cytoplasm |
Fluid in cells (Allows transport of materials from on place to another) |
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Endoplasmic Reticulum |
Transport canal leaving the nucleus |
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Golgi Body/Appartus |
Sorts and packages materials (protein, fat, carbohydrates) for transport |
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Vessicle/Lysosomes |
Membrane bound sack that contains a product (ex – lysosome = digestion) |
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What important set of instructions does the nucleus contain? |
The organism's genetic code |
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What is the genetic code? |
The genetic code is like a book of instructions describing how to “build” an organism |
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What are chromosomes made of? |
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
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What is the patterned code with a gene? |
A>T C>G |
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What 2 phases is the cell cycle divided into? |
Interphase and Normal cell growth |
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Mitotic Phase |
The division of the cell (Mitosis/DNA) (Cytokinesis/Cell) |
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Interphase |
Cell growth and perform it’s intended function - Duplicates chromosomes (DNA) - Prepcres mitosis |
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X- Ray |
Electromagnetic waves go through soft tissue, showing hard tissue like bones |
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CAT Scan |
A series of x-ray “slices” of a body part that can be reconstructed as a 3D image |
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Ultra Sound |
High frequency sound waves creating a 2D or 3D real time images. Useful in showing movement |
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MRI |
Images produced using radio signal in a magnetic field |
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What are the Human Organ Systems? |
Circulatory Digestive Respiratory Excretory Muscular Endocrine Integumentary Nervous Skeletal |
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The Circulatory System |
transports nutrients, gases, waste |
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The Digestive System |
breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, removes solid wastes |
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The Respiratory System |
Gas exchange |
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The Excretory System |
removes liquid waste |
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The Muscular System |
works with bone for movement and locomotion |
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The Endocrine System |
Manufactures and releases hormones, produces gamets for reproduction of spring |
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The Integumentary System |
creates a waterproof barrier around the body |
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The Nervous System |
processes stimuli and creates a response by sending signals to parts of the body |
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The Skeletal System |
provides supports, protection, and works with muscles to move body parts |
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How many human organ systems are there in total? |
9 |
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How fast do visible light waves travel at? |
300 000 km/s |
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What are the 7 wavelengths of the Electromagnetic Spectrum? |
Radio Microwave Infared Visible Ultraviolet X-ray Gamma ray |
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Longer wavelength = ? |
Lower energy |
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Shorter wavelength= ? |
Higher energy |
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What are the 2 sources of light? |
Natural (Sun, Organisms) Artificial (Candle, Bulb) |
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What are the 5 types of light emissions? |
- Nuclear fusions - Electric Discharge - Incandescence - Fluorescence - Phosphorescence |
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Nuclear fusions |
Fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium Excited atoms release energy and emit light |
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Incandescence |
Light emitted by a hot object Only 5% of the energy is light |
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Electric Discharge |
Light emitted by a heated gas or vapour Electricity excites the atoms and emit a particular light signature |
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Fluorescence |
Fluorescent bulbs have a phosphor coating in the tube Excited mercury atoms release their UV energy which is absorbed by the phosphor which emits light |
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Phosphorescence |
Generation of light without heat Excited phosphorescent material retain energy and release it slowly |
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What is the acronym used to describe characteristics of images? |
L.O.S.T |
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What does the L in L.O.S.T stand for? |
Location Where is the image located in relation to the object? - In front of the surface - In behind the surface - Closer - Further - Same distance |
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What does the O in L.O.S.T stand for? |
Orientation What is the attitude or position of the image in relation to the object? - Inverted horizontally - Inverted vertically |
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What does the S in L.O.S.T stand for? |
Size What is the magnitude or height of the image in relation to the object? - Bigger - Smaller - Same |
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What does the T in L.O.S.T stand for? |
Type Can the image be projected on a screen? - Real (can be projected) - Virtual (cannot be projected) |
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Refraction |
the bending of light as it travels, at an angle, from a material with one index of reflection to a material with a different index of refraction. |
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A refracted ray |
A ray that is bent upon entering a second medium |
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The angle of refraction |
The angle between the refracted ray and the normal |
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Fermat’s Principle |
When travelling from one medium to another the path that takes the least time is not straight |
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N= c/v |
n = index of refraction c = speed of light v = speed of light in a medium |
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Properties of light |
Can travel through matter, be absorbed by matter, or be reflected Can travel in a vacuum Travels in a straight line through the same medium |
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Properties of reflection |
The change of reflection of a wave when it bounces off a surface When light reflects off a surface and stays in the same medium it’s speed is constant |
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Laws of reflection |
The incident ray, the reflection ray and the normal are always in the same plane The angle of incidence and the angle of reflection are equal |
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An incident ray |
a beam of light traveling towards a surface |
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A normal |
a line perpendicular (90) to the surface where the incident ray meets the surface |
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A reflection ray |
a ray of light that begins at the point on a surface where the incident ray and normal meet |
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The angle of incidence |
the angle between the incident ray and the normal |
