Gr 11: Unit Two

Front 1

Adaptation

Back 1

Structural, behavioural, or physiological process that helps an organism survive and reproduce in their environment. Adaptations develop after many slow, gradual accumulative changes

Hint 1

Structural - camouflage

Behavioural - Bird Songs

Physiological - hibernation

Front 2

Mimicry

Back 2

Structural adaptation in which a harmless species resembles a harmful species in colouration or structure to avoid predators

Front 3

Variations

Back 3

Structural, functional, or physiological differences between individuals

Front 4

Variation Within Species

Back 4

Genetic variation within a population results from the variety of genetic in all individuals of the population

Front 5

Mutations

Back 5

Changes in DNA of an organism. They provide new alleles in a species and are the only source of new genetic variation when inherited. Happen spontaneously

Front 6

Selective Advantage

Back 6

a trait that is helpful to survive in certain environments

Front 7

Natural Selection

Back 7

A process in which the environment determines which organisms can survive and reproduce.

Front 8

Selective Pressure

Back 8

Environmental conditions that select characteristics of individuals against others.

Front 9

Fitness

Back 9

The relative contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation by producing offspring that will survive long enough to reproduce

Hint 9

High Fitness = Will survive and reproduce

Front 10

Artificial Selection

Back 10

Selective pressure exerted by humans on populations in order to improve or modify a desirable trait

Front 11

Biotechnology

Back 11

Use of technology and organisms to produce useful products

Hint 11

Cows for milk

Front 12

Monoculture

Back 12

Planting the same variety of a species over large areas of land

Front 13

Gene Banks

Back 13

Contain early ancestors of plants in case they need to reproduce populations

Front 14

John Ray

Back 14

Developped a classification system for plants and animals based on anatomy and physiology. Empirical System

Front 15

Linnaeus

Back 15

Expanded the system

Front 16

Buffon

Back 16

Challenged that life forms are unchanging

Front 17

Mary Anning

Back 17

Discovered the plesiosaur

Front 18

Cuvier

Back 18

Paleontology, Catastrophism and Stratum

Front 19

Catastrophism

Back 19

Is the ideas that catastrophes wiped out a population allowing neighboring regions to repopulate the area

Front 20

Stratum

Back 20

Layer of rock. Deeper the stratum the less similar to modern species

Front 21

Uniformitarianism

Back 21

Geographical process occur at the same rate today as they did in the past.

Front 22

Lyell

Back 22

Uniformitarianism

Front 23

Lamarck

Back 23

Line of descent, Inheritance of acquired characteristics

Front 24

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

Back 24

Characteristics acquired during an organism's lifetime can be passed on to offspring

Front 25

Darwin

Back 25

Theory of evolution by natural selection: Environments conditions causes species change/evolve to survive in their environment

Front 26

Descent with Modification

Back 26

Darwin did not like the term evolution because it implied

Front 27

Five Sources of Evolution

Back 27

1. Fossils

2. Biogeography

3.Anatomy

4.Embryology

5.DNA

Front 28

Fossil Record

Back 28

Remains of past life found in sedimentary rock. Reveals the history of life on earth and the organisms that were alive in the past

Front 29

Transitional Fossils

Back 29

Fossils showing links between groups of organisms that share characteristics common to 2 now separate groups

Hint 29

land whale

Front 30

Vestigial Structure

Back 30

A structure that was once need but is now useless

Hint 30

The appendix

Front 31

Biogeography

Back 31

Study of past and present geographical distribution of species populations

Front 32

Homologous Structures

Back 32

Similar structures with different functions. Were inherited from a common ancestor

Front 33

Analogous Structures

Back 33

Different structures with similar functions. Do not have a common ancestor

Front 34

Embryology

Back 34

Study of embryos. Many organisms have very similar organisms

Front 35

Gene Pool

Back 35

All the alleles of all genes in a population

Front 36

Microevolution

Back 36

Small changes in allele frequencies that lead to evolution

Front 37

Five Factors That Influence Allele Frequency

Back 37

1.Mutation

2.Gene Flow

3. Non- Random Mating

4. Genetic Drift

5.Natural Selection

Front 38

Mutations

Back 38

A random mutation can increase diversity and chance of selective advantaage

Front 39

Gene Flow

Back 39

The movement of alleles from one population to another. Brings new alleles to population which increases genetic diversity and can provide selective advantage

Front 40

Non-Random Mating

Back 40

Mating based on the phenotype or due to inbreeding

Front 41

Inbreeding

Back 41

Closely related individuals are bred; causing many harmful recessive alleles to be expressed.

Front 42

Preferred Phenotype

Back 42

Individuals may chose mates based on physical and behavioural traits

Front 43

Genetic Drift

Back 43

Change in allele frequencies. Genetic drift refers to random change in genetic variation from generation to generation due to chance

Front 44

Founder Effect

Back 44

A change in a gene pool that occurs when a few individuals start a new isolated population

Hint 44

polydactylism in amish population of Philly

Front 45

Bottleneck Effect

Back 45

Changes in the gene pool because of rapid decrease in population

Front 46

Stabilizing Selection

Back 46

Intermediate phenotypes are favoured

Hint 46

ex.) giffares necks

Front 47

Directional Selection

Back 47

Favours one extreme phenotype or the other

Hint 47

ex.) peppered moth

Front 48

Disruptive Selection

Back 48

Both extremes are favoured

Hint 48

ex.) Coho Salmon

Front 49

Sexual Selection

Back 49

Choice made by female based on competition of males

Front 50

Speciation

Back 50

Formation of a new species from existing species

Front 51

Pre-Zygotic Isolating Mechanisms

Back 51

1.Behavioural

2.Habitat

3.Temporal

4.Mechanical

5.Gamete

Front 52

Behavioural

Back 52

Any special signs/ behaviours that are species specific prevent mating between closely related specific

Front 53

Habitat

Back 53

2 species may live close but in different habitats

Hint 53

Terrestial and Aquatic Garter Snakes

Front 54

Temporal

Back 54

2 species occupy the same habitat but mate at different times

Front 55

Mechanical

Back 55

Closely related species may try to mate but are automatically incompatible

Front 56

Gametic

Back 56

if gametes meet, they wont fuse to form a zygote

Front 57

Post-Zygotic Isolating Mechanisms

Back 57

1. Hybrid Inviability

2. Hybrid Sterility

3. Hybrid Breakdown

Front 58

Hybrid Inviability

Back 58

Zygote forms but does not survive

Hint 58

ex.) sheep and goat

Front 59

Hybrid Sterility

Back 59

2 species can mate and produce offspring but the offspring will be sterile

Front 60

Hybrid Breakdown

Back 60

1st generation of hybrids can breed but not the 2nd