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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Which of the following is not an organic molecule:
a. cellulose b. sucrose c. water d. testosterone |
Water
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Which includes all the other terms on the list:
a. polysaccharide b. carbohydrate c. monosaccharide d. glycogen |
Carbohydrate
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A molecule that dissolves easily in water
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Hydrophilic
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Cholesterol is what kind of molecule:
a. protein b. lipid c. amino acid d. carbohydrate |
Lipid
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The 20 amino acids vary only by:
a. carboxyl groups b. side groups c. amino groups d. lipid groups |
Side groups
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A specific reactant an enzyme acts upon is called:
a. catalyst b. sucrase c. active site d. substrate |
Substrate
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Which does an enzyme do:
Lower or raise the activation energy of a reaction |
Lowers the reactivation energy - makes it possible for the reaction to occur
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Why are carbon atoms so common in living things
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Carbon has only 4 electrons in its highest level, so it can form bonds with 4 other atoms - makes lots of carbon skeletons
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Most carbon based molecules are organic or in organic
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Organic
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Most non-carbon-based molecules are organic or inorganic
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Inorganic
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Are water (H20) and ammonia (NH3) organic or inorganic
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Inorganic
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Carbon can also bond with atoms from other elements. A molecule made of carbon and hydrogen is called a
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Hydrocarbon
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What are most hydrocarbon used for and give an example
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Most hydrocarbons are used for FUEL.
METHANE is a natural gas used to heat homes |
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A group of atoms within a molecule that interacts in a predictable way
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Functional group
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Attracts water molecules
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Hydrophilic
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Large molecules are built from many smaller molecules called
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Monomers
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The body cells link monomers together into long chains called
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Polymers
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What are the 4 main types of large molecules
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Carbohydrates
Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids |
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The process that occurs each time a monomer is added to a chain that release RELEASES WATER
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DEHYDRATION reaction
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The process that occurs each time a polymer is broken down and ADDES WATER - opposite of dehydration reaction
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Hydrolysis reaction
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What molecule would most likely be used as an energy source just minutes after a meal or can be stored for later
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Carbohydrate
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Organic compound made of sugar
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Carbohydrate
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What elements are in a carbohydrate
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1 carbon
2 hydrogen 1 oxygen |
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A simple sugar is called a...
Name 3 examples |
Monosaccharide
Glucose, fructose, galactose "OSE = sugars" |
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What does the body use as the main fuel supply for cellular work
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Sugar, especially glucose
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What does the body do with glucose not needed immediately?
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Adds to larger molecules or used to make fat!
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What is a Disaccharide
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Double sugar made of 2 monosaccharides.
Most common is sucrose that comes from plant sap |
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Long chains of simple sugar monomers
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Polysaccharides also called complex carbohydrates
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List 3 polysaccharides
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Starch
Glycogen Cellulose |
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Where does starch come from?
What food are high in starch? |
Starch comes from plants.
Potatoes, rice, corn |
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How do animals and humans store excess sugar
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As glycogen in the liver.
The body can break down glycogen if it needs energy. |
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What polysaccharide is found in plants and used as building material
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Cellulose - it is very tough
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Humans and animals can not digest cellulose. How does it affect the body?
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The body uses cellulose from plants as "fiber" to help keep a healthy digestive system ... make you poop.
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Is cellulose a nutrient?
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No, we can not absorp it, just used for digestion
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What kind of molecules are "water-fearing"
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Hydrophobic
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Why don't oil and water mix
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Oil is a lipid and lipids are hydrophobic
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How are lipids used in the body
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Create a boundary that contains the watery contents of the cell
Circulate in the body as chemical signals Store energy as fat |
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A 3-carbon backbone called glycerol attached to 3 fatty acids is called a
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Fat
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What do fats do
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Store energy for future use
Insulate the body for warmth |
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What do you call a fat that is liquid at room temperature
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Oil
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A fat in which all 3 fatty acids chains contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms
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Saturated fat = unhealthy
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Are most animal fats like butter, saturated or unsaturated
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Saturated - they are usually solid at room temperature
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A fat that contains less than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms because some are double bonded to each other
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Unsaturated fat
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What are some examples of unsaturated or good fats
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Fruit, vegetables, fish
Corn, olive, vegetable oils |
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Why are saturated fats unhealthy
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They build up lipid deposits called plaques in the blood vessels that can lead to heart disease
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A lipid molecule in which the carbon skeleton forms four fused rings
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Steroid
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What are 2 steroids that circulate in the body as chemical signals
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Testosterone
Estrogen |
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Best known steroid is
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Cholesterol
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High levels of what steroid molecule that can cause cardiovascular disease is what?
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Cholesterol
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The word protein means what in Greek
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First place
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A polymer constructed of 20 kinds of monomers called amino acids
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Proteins
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What are hair, fur, and muscles made of
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Proteins
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What do proteins do
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Responsible for function of organisms
Nurtient storage Defend against microorganisms Control chemical reactions |
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A monomer that makes up proteins
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Amino acids
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What part of the amino acid is different in each type of amino acid
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Side group or R group
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Cells create proteins by linking amino acids together into a chain called a
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Polypeptide
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Can amino acids funtion in simple form or must be in a special sequence
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A functional protein must be in a sequence
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An unfavorable change in temperature, pH, or environment can cause a protein to lose its shape. This process is called
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Denaturation
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What is one example of denaturation
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When egg white turns from clear to white when cooked
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What is needed to start a chemical reaction
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Weaken chemical bonds in the reactant molecules
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What is the "start-up" energy called to active a chemical reaction
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Activation energy
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Compounds that speed up chemcial reactions
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Catalysts
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What are the main catalysts of chemical reactions
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Enzymes
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Enzymes allow chemical reactions to occur at higher, lower, or normal temperatures
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Normal temperature
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How do enzymes work
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Enzymes lower the energy required to that a reaction can proceed at normal temperature
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A specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme is called the enzyme's
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Substrate
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The substrate fits into a particular region of the enzyme calle the
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Active site
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The name of most enzymes ends in
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-ase
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