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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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10 Countries that run through Equator?
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BEG CUD SICK
Brazil, Ecuador, Gabon Colombia, Uganda, Dem Rep of Congo Somalia, Indonesia, Congo, Kenya |
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14 Countries that run through Tropic of Cancer?
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LAMB COW MUMMIES
Libya, Algeria, Mexico, Bangladesh China, Oman, Western Sahara Mauritania, United Arab Emirates, Mali, Myanmar, India, Egypt, Saudi Arabia |
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10 Countries that run through Tropic of Capricorn?
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CAP BBS NMMA
Chile, Argentina, Paraguay Brazil, Botswana, S Africa Namibia, Mozambique, Madagascar, Australia |
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Order of Equator, Tropic of Cancer, and Tropic of Capricorn?
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Can, Equator, Cap
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What is the "First Law of Geography" about?
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"Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things."
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What are the three basic questions that we often ask in geography?
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1. Where?
2. Why There? 3. Why do we care? |
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What are the two main sub-fields of geography?
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1. Physical Geography
2. Human Geography |
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What are the six fundamental themes of geography?
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1. Location
2. Place 3. Regions 4. Interactions 5. Human-Environment Relations 6. Geotechnologies |
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What are the two basic approaches for studying world geography?
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1. Systematic Geography
2. Regional Geography |
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What is absolute location?
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A place fixed mathematically through coordinates of latitude and longitude
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What is relative location?
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Position defined in terms of distances and relationships to certain other KEY locations
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How is the latitude and longitude of a place determined?
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Measures angular distances from Prime Meridian and Equator
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What is a parallel?
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Lines of equal latitude
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What is a meridian?
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Lines of equal longitude
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Where is the origin of the geographic coordinate system?
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Intersection of Prime Meridian and Equator
Located in the Gulf of Guinea |
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What's unique about the Equator?
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12 Hours of daylight everyday of the year
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What's unique about the Tropic of Cancer?
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Marks the northernmost location reached by vertical rays from the Sun
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What's unique about the Tropic of Capricorn?
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Marks the southernmost location reached by vertical rays from the Sun
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What's unique about the Arctic Circle?
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Experiences 24 hours of either daylight (circa June 21) or darkness (circa Dec. 21)
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What's unique about the Antarctic Circle?
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Experiences 24 hours of either daylight (circa Dec. 21) or darkness (circa June 21)
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What % of the data we use has a spatial component?
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80%
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What does GIS stand for?
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Geographic Information Systems
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What's unique about GIS?
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All information in a GIS is tied to locations
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What are the two main types of data used in a GIS?
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Spatial and Attribute
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What are the main application areas of GIS? Give examples.
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Geovisualization = Mapping, 3D visualization, simulation and animation
Query = Asking questions about objects by locations and attributes Spatial Analysis = The true power of GIS |
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What is the true power of GIS?
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Spatial analysis
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What is remote sensing?
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technology of obtaining information about the properties of Earth's environment from a distance
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How does a RS system work?
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Electromagnetic energy reflected and emitted by ground objects is recorded by sensors
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What are the main differences b/w airborne and spaceborne RS?
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Airborne is used for aerial photography and spaceborne is used for satellite imagery
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What are the two most often used types of RS data?
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Aerial photography and Satellite imagery
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What are some of the advantages offered by RS?
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1. Global coverage
2. Fast and easy to update environmental info 3. Near real-time monitoring of environment |
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What are the main application areas of RS? Give examples.
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1. Land cover/ use mapping
2. Monitoring of environment 3. Assessment of natural hazards 4. Water resource application |
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What does GPS stand for?
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Global Positioning System
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How does GPS work?
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Uses satellites to broadcast radio signals
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How many satellites are needed to fix a position on Earth?
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At least 4
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What are the main application areas of GPS? Give examples.
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1. Location = Positioning things in space
2. Navigation = Getting from point A to point B 3. Tracking = Monitoring movements 4. Mapping = Creating maps based on those positions 5. Timing = Precision global timing |
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What is a map?
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2-dimensional, scaled-down, graphic representation of earth's surface
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What are the essential elements of a thematic map?
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1. Title - Look 1st
2. Legend - Decodes information 3. Scale - Spacial proportions 4. Direction 5. Location 6. Projection 7. Data source 8. Date of publication |
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What is map scale?
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amount of reduction; Map Distance/Earth Distance
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What are the 3 common ways of denoting map scales?
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1. Verbal Scale
2. Fractional Scale 3. Graphic Scale |
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What does a large-scale map mean?
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Covers a smaller part of Earth's surface
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How do you get the info about the location of a place on a map?
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Coordinate systems
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What is map projection?
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mathematical transformation of feature locations from the 3D surface of the Earth to a 2D map surface
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What are the key properties of a conformal projection?
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Shapes: True
Area: Distorted |
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What are the key properties of an equal-area projection?
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Shapes: Distorted
Area: True |
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What are the main types of maps?
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1. Classified by function
2. Classified by scale 3. Classified by subject matter |
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Maps that show locations of geographic features
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General Reference Maps
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Continental, country maps
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Small-scale maps
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Show terrain and long-lasting features; Usually large-scale
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Topographic map
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line joining points of equal elevation
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contour
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Adding color b/w selected contour intervals to highlight elevation or depth
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hypsometric tints
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use the brightness of a terrain's surface to depict the shape of landscape
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relief shading
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Focus on 1 particular phenomenon or theme
Themes can be physical or cultural Qualitative or quantitative |
Thematic maps
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Shows difference in type, category
Most often use distinctly different colors (hues) |
Qualitative Thematic Map
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Displays the distribution of quantitative data
Shows differences in quantity of a phenomenon |
Quantitative Thematic Map
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Size of a symbol represents quantities of a phenomenon
Quantitative values are grouped into classes Most useful for showing the rank or progression of values |
Graduated Symbol Map
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Size of a symbol reflects the actual data value of a phenomenon
Symbol can be circles, squares, etc. Represent data values more precisely |
Proportional Symbol Map
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Each dot represents a certain # of units of a phenomenon
Dot size = Identical |
Dot Map
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Used to portray quantities that vary smoothly over the surface of the Earth
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Isoline maps
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a line joining points of equal temperature
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isotherm
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a line joining points of equal quantities of precipitation
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isohyet
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Best for mapping relative data values
Should use hue value to display data in areas |
Choropleth map
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Unique map transformations
Size or distance = f (data values) Effective in emphasizing a particular theme |
cartogram
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Pieces of Earth's crust that move relative to each other
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tectonic plate
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says that Earth's crust is broken into a mosaic of plates that move relative to each other
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plate tectonic theory
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3 Applications of Plate Tectonics Theory?
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1. Layout of continents and oceans
2. Mountains 3. Earthquakes and volcanoes |
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3 Main types of plate boundaries?
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1. Divergent Boundary
2. Convergent Boundary 3. Transform Boundary |
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Where are most divergent boundaries?
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Found on the ocean floor
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Where are most transform boundaries?
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Where two plates slide horizontally past each other
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What happens at divergent boundaries?
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Two plates move apart
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What happens at oceanic-continental convergence boundaries?
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An oceanic plate dives under a continental one
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What happens at continental-continental convergence boundaries?
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Occurs where two continental plates are pushed together
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What happens at transform boundary?
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Where two plates slide horizontally past each other
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What natural hazards are associated with divergent boundaries?
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Volcanoes and earthquakes
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What natural hazards are associated with oceanic-continental convergence boundaries?
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Mountains, volcanoes, and earthquakes
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What natural hazards are associated with continental-continental convergence boundaries?
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Mountains and earthquakes
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What natural hazards are associated with transform boundaries?
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Earthquakes
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the supercontinent that existed 225 million years ago
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Pangaea
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180 million years ago, this continent drifted north
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Laurasia
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180 million years ago, this continent broke into S. America/Africa, India, & Australia/Antarctica
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Gondwanaland
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Total surface area of Earth?
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200 million sq. miles
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Percentage of Earth's surface that is land?
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29%
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Percentage of Earth's surface that is water?
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71%
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Percentage of land surface in Northern Hemisphere?
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39%
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Percentage of land surface in Southern Hemisphere?
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19%
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What is the main difference b/w weather and climate?
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Time frame used
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3 Patterns of Global Temperature Distribution?
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1. Isotherms generally run in E-W direction
2. Isotherms bend equatorward over continents in January. Isotherms bend poleward over continents in July. 3. Some of the most obvious bends in the isotherms occur in coastal areas. |
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4 Patterns of Global Precipitation Distribution?
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1. The tropical latitudes contain most of the wettest areas.
2. Other wet areas in the tropical and subtropical regions include E & SE Asia and W Coast of India and Guinea Coast of W Africa and North Coast of Australia 3. Wet areas in the midlatitudes include western coasts of N and S America b/w 40-60 degrees of latitude and W Europe and SE Australia and South New Zealand 4. Dry areas include western sides of continents in subtropical latitudes = N Africa and Australia and South Africa and S&N America |
