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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe in detail how a latent image becomes a visible image |
When radiation interacts with the silver halide crystals in the emulsion, the image on the film is produced. The image is not visible before processing. |
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List and discuss the five steps of manual film processing |
1) Developement |
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List and describe the four basic ingredients of the developer solution |
1) Developing agent b.Elon:
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List and describe the four basic ingredients of the fixer solution
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1) Fixing agent |
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Safelighting
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-long wavelengths in the red-orange portion of the visible light spectrum
-a lamp with a low-wattage bulb =7.5 or 15 watt -safelight filter =Removes short wavelengths in the blue-green portion of the visible light spectrum -safelight paced a min of 4 feet away from the film and working area |
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Discuss the parts of the processing tank: insert tanks, master tank, and lid
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Manual processing: |
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List and describe the equipment needed for manual film processing
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Thermometer: placed in developer solution |
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List and discuss the procedural steps for manual film processing
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-Identify solutions and check levels (developer, water, fixer)
-stir solutions -check temp of developer (determines time) Lower temp = longer processing time -Label film hanger with name of pt and date of exposure -Close and lock darkroom door, turn off white lights, and turn off safelight -unwrap each exposed intraoral film over clean working surface -clip each film to the labeled film hanger -immerse into developer solution, agitate (timed) -Remove films from developer, place in circulating water -immerse the film in fixer solution, agitate (timed) -Remove films from fixer, place into circulating water -Remove films from circulating water -air dry films -remove the radiographs from the film hanger -examine radiographs -mount -clean processing equipment and work surfaces |
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Describe the care and maintenance of the processing solutions, equipment, and equipment accessories used in manual film processing
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Processing solutions:
-Follow manufacturer's instructions for storage, mixing and use -solutions deteriorate with: exposed air, continued use, chemical contamination Developer solution: -Depleted from evaporation and removal of small amounts -Exhausted developer does not fully develop the latent image Fixer solution: -Depleted from evaporation and removal of small amounts -diluted each time water is transferred from rinse -exhausted fixer does not stop the chemical reaction sufficiently Replenisher solution: -both developer and fixer must be replenished daily Replenisher: -superconcentrated solution Oxidation: -occurs when developer and fixer combine with oxygen and lose strength Processing tank: -Deposit build up on inside walls of insert tanks (from mineral salts in water and carbonate in processing solutions) -tanks must be cleaned with commercial cleaner or hydrochloric acid when the solutions are changed -rollers are cleaned from automatic processors |
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Discuss the advantages of automatic film processing
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-Less processing time
-time and temp automatically controlled -less equipment used -less spaced required |
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List and identify the component parts of the automatic film processor
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-Processor housing |
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Describe the mechanism of automatic film processing
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Uses a roller transport system to move dental x-ray film through developer, fixer, water, and drying compartments |
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List and discuss the four procedural steps for automatic film processing
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1) Prepare darkroom
2) Prepare films 3) Insert each unwrapped film into the film feed slot of the processor 4) Retrieve the processed radiographs |
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Describe the care and maintenance of the automatic film processor and automatic processing solutions
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-Requires routine preventive maintenance
=a cleaning and replenishment schedule must be established =may require daily or weekly cleaning -"cleaning" film: used to clean the rollers of an automatic processor -Processing solutions =levels must be checked at the beginning of each day and replenished as necessary |
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Describe film processing problems that result from time and temperature errors
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Underdeveloped film:
-The film appears light -Too little time in the development -temp too cold -depleted or diluted solution Overdeveloped film: -dark film -too much time in developer -temp too warm -solution too concentrated Reticulation of emulsion: -film looks cracked -drastic temp change b/w developer solution and water bath |
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Describe film processing problems that result from chemical contamination errors
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Developer spots- dark spots on film
fixer spots - white spots on film yellow/brown stains - insufficient time in fixer or water |
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Describe film processing problems that result from film handling errors |
Developer cut-off:
-Straight white border appears on film (low levels of developer solution) Fixer cut-off: -straight black border appears on film (low levels of fixer solution) Overlapped films: -white or dark areas appear on films where overlap occurred Airbubbles: White spots appear on film Fingernail artifact: -Black, crescent-shaped marks on film Fingerprint artifact: -Black fingerprint on film Scratched film: White lines on film Static electricity: Thin, black branching lines on film |
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Describe film processing problems that result from lighting errors
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Light leak - black film
fogged film - lacks image detail and contrast (appears gray) from developing |
