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131 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Truman Doctrine
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is a set of principles of U.S. foreign policy declared by President Harry S. Truman in a March 12, 1947 address to Congress to request $400 million in aid to Greece and Turkey, as well as authorization to send American economic and military advisers to the two countries.
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Economic regulation
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in the sense of the application of law by government that is used for various purposes, such as centrally-planning an economy, remedying market failure, enriching well-connected firms, or benefiting politicians (see capture). It is not considered to include voluntary regulation that may be accomplished in the private sphere.
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Federal Reserve Board
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is the central banking system of the United States. Created in 1913 by the enactment of the Federal Reserve Act (signed by Woodrow Wilson), it is a quasi-public (government entity with private components) banking system
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Gross domestic product
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is one of the measures of national income and output for a given country's economy. It is the total value of all final goods and services produced in a particular economy; the dollar value of all goods and services produced within a country’s borders in a given year.
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Interventionist state
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is an action in a Market economy taken by a government, beyond the basic regulation of fraud and enforcement of contracts, in an effort to affect its own economy
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Monetary policy
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is the process by which the government, central bank, or monetary authority of a country controls (i) the supply of money, (ii) availability of money, and (iii) cost of money or rate of interest, in order to attain a set of objectives oriented towards the growth and stability of the economy
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Open market operations
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are the means of implementing monetary policy by which a central bank controls its national money supply by buying and selling government securities, or other financial instruments.
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Social regulation
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government has also exercised control over private companies to achieve social goals, such as improving the public's health and safety or maintaining a healthy environment
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Carter Doctrine
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was a policy proclaimed by President of the United States Jimmy Carter in his State of the Union Address on January 23 1980, which stated that the United States would use military force if necessary to defend its national interests in the Persian Gulf region.
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Collective security
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can be understood as a security arrangement in which all states cooperate collectively to provide security for all by the actions of all against any states within the groups which might challenge the existing order by using force.
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Cuban Missile Crisis
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was a confrontation between the United States, the Soviet Union, and Cuba in the early 1960s during the Cold War
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Embargo Act
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Law passed by Congress and signed by President Thomas Jefferson in 1807. This law stopped all trade between America and any other country.
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Taxable income-
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The amount of income that is used to calculate an individual’s or a company’s income tax due. Taxable income is generally described as gross income or adjusted gross income minus any deductions, exemptions or other adjustments that are allowable in that tax year.
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General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
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was the outcome of the failure of negotiating governments to create the International Trade Organization
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Marshall Plan
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- - project instituted at the Paris Economic Conference (July, 1947) to foster economic recovery in certain European countries after World War II. The Marshall Plan took form when U.S. Secretary of State George C. Marshall urged (June 5, 1947) that European countries decide on their economic needs so that material and financial aid from the United States could be integrated on a broad scale.
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Multilateralism
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is a term in international relations that refers to multiple countries working in concert on a given issue.
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Nixon Doctrine
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known as the Guam Doctrine) was put forth in a press conference in Guam on July 25, 1969 by Richard Nixon. He stated that the United States henceforth expected its allies to take care of their own military defense. The Doctrine argued for the pursuit of peace through a partnership with American allies.
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Operation Desert Storm
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- On the morning of August 2, 1990 the mechanized infantry, armor, and tank units of the Iraqi Republican Guard invaded Kuwait and seized control of that country. The invasion triggered a United States response, Operation DESERT SHIELD, to deter any invasion of Kuwait's oil rich neighbor, Saudi Arabia.
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Tariffs
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duty imposed on goods when they are moved across a political boundary.
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World Bank
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an international financial institution that provides financial and technical assistance[2] to developing countries for development programs (e.g. bridges, roads, schools, etc.) with the stated goal of reducing poverty.
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Reagan Doctrine
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was a strategy orchestrated and implemented by the United States under the Reagan Administration to oppose the global influence of the Soviet Union during the final years of the Cold War
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Pragmatism
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the philosophy of considering practical consequences or real effects to be vital components of meaning and truth
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Medicare
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a social insurance program administered by the United States government, providing health insurance coverage to people who are aged 65 and over, or who meet other special criteria.
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Agenda setting
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theory that the mass-news media have a large influence on audiences by their choice of what stories to consider newsworthy and how much prominence and space to give them.
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Social Security Act
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- was drafted by President Roosevelt's committee on economic security, under Edwin Witte, and passed by Congress as part of the New Deal. The act was an attempt to limit what were seen as dangers in the modern American life, including old age, poverty, unemployment, and the burdens of widows and fatherless children.
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Regressive taxation
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is a tax imposed in such a manner that the tax rate decreases as the amount subject to taxation increases.[
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Deficit
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occurs when an entity spends more money than it takes in
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Poverty line
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is the minimum level of income deemed necessary to achieve an adequate standard of living in a given country
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Supplemental Security Income
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is a monthly stipend provided to aged (legally deemed to be 65 or older), blind, or disabled persons based on need, paid by the United States Government.[
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Discount rate
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the rate of interest set by the Federal Reserve that member banks are charged when they borrow money through the Federal Reserve System
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Economic stability
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absence of excessive fluctuations in the macroeconomy. An economy with fairly constant output growth and low and stable inflation would be considered economically stability
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Fiscal policy
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A function of fiscal policy, along with monetary policy, is to regulate the level of economic activity, the price level, and the balance of payments
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Inflation
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a persistent, substantial rise in the general level of prices related to an increase in the volume of money and resulting in the loss of value of currency
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Recession
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a period of an economic contraction, sometimes limited in scope or duration
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Laissez-faire
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An economic doctrine that opposes governmental regulation of or interference in commerce beyond the minimum necessary for a free-enterprise system to operate according to its own economic laws
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Money
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any article or substance used as a medium of exchange, measure of wealth, or means of payment, as checks on demand deposit or cowrie
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Reserve requirements
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Reserve requirements are the amount of funds that a depository institution must hold in reserve against specified deposit liabilities.
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Al-Qaeda
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a radical Sunni Muslim organization dedicated to the elimination of a Western presence in Arab countries and militantly opposed to Western foreign policy: founded by Osama bin Laden in 1988.
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Central Intelligence Agency
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an independent agency of the United States government responsible for collecting and coordinating intelligence and counterintelligence activities abroad in the national interest; headed by the Director of Central Intelligence under the supervision of the President and National Security Council
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Containment
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United States policy uniting military, economic, and diplomatic strategies to limit the spread of Communism, enhance America’s security and influence abroad, and prevent a "domino effect
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Bay of Pigs operation
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was an unsuccessful attempt by a U.S.-trained force of Cuban exiles to invade southern Cuba with support from U.S. government armed forces to overthrow the Cuban government of Fidel Castro
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Human rights
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The basic rights and freedom, to which all humans are entitled, often held to include the right to life and liberty, freedom of thought and expression, and equality before the law.
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Adjusted Gross Income
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Used to determine how much of your income is taxable. AGI consists of gross income from taxable sources minus your maximum allowable adjustments.
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Iranian hostage crisis
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- On November 4, 1979, a group of Iranian militants stormed the American embassy in Tehran, Iran, and captured dozens of embassy and military personnel
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National Security Council
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serves as the President's main forum for taking up national security and foreign policy matters. Established in 1947 as part of the National Security Act
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- Military-industrial complex
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a concept commonly used to refer to policy relationships between government, national armed forces, and industrial support.
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NATO
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International military alliance created in 1948 to defend western Europe against a possible Soviet invasion.
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Unilateralism
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tendency of nations to conduct their foreign affairs individualistically, characterized by minimal consultation and involvement with other nations, even their allies.
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WMDs
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weapons that can kill large numbers of humans and/or cause great damage to man-made structures.
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WTO
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international organization based in Geneva that monitors and enforces rules governing global trade.
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Roosevelt Corollary
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Roosevelt's extension of the Monroe Doctrine asserted the right of the United States to intervene to stabilize the economic affairs of small states in the Caribbean and Central America if they were unable to pay their international debts.
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Theories of Public Policy: Elite
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Chosen few or elite make all important decisions in society; unequal distribution of power is normal and inevitable
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Bureaucratic Theory
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All institutions, governmental and nongovernmental, have fallen under the control of a large and ever-growing bureaucracy that carries out politcy using standerdized procedures
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Interest Group
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compete over policy-making bodies; The government acts as the mediator among interest groups with differing needs.
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Pluralist
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many groups and individuals that have influence over policy
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Medicaid
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GOv't. program that provides health insurance for the poor; state/federal program providing health servies to low income Americans
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Earned income tax credit
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desigend to assist the working poor;
not only refunds their payroll taxes, but also provides larger refunds than they actually paid during the previous tax year; in effect, a 'negative tax'; must file income taxes to earn |
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WPA: The Works Progress Administration
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was the largest New Deal agency, employing millions of people and affecting almost every locality in the United States, especially rural and western mountain populations. It was created by Franklin Delano Roosevelt's presidential order
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Progressive taxation
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system of taxation in which higher income groups pay a higher percentage of their incomes in taxes than lower income people do.
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Proportional taxation
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(FLAT); system of taxation in which all income groups pay the same amount
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National debt
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Total debt accumulated by the national gov't. over the years
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means-tested spending (entitlements):
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spending for benefits that is distributed on the basis of the recipients' income - TANF, food stamps, ie
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Social Insurance programs
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soci al welfare programs to which beneficiaries have made contributions so that they are entitled to benefits regardless of their persoanl wealth (Socail Security income, ie)
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Dependency ratio
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In the Social Security System, the number of recipients as a percentage versus the number of contributors (people receiving SS checks vs. those workers who are paying into the system...2010 will be 2 recipients for every one worker) p.610
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National health insurance
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Government provided insurance to all citizens paid from tax revenues
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Powell Doctrine
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Must have good enough reason, good enough resources to carry out plan, and support of Americans plus that of other countries
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Congress passed the Federal Reserve Act in______which created the Federal Reserve System to regulate the national banking system and provide flexibility to the money supply.
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1913
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Medicaid was designed to provide health care for what group(s) of people?
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With low incomes and resources
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The program, instituted by FDR, in order to overcome the Great Depression was referred to as the
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new deal.
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The first action of the New Deal to regulate the banking industry was-
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implemented banking reform laws, work relief programs, agricultural programs, and industrial reform (the National Recovery Administration, NRA), and the end of the gold standard and Prohibition.
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The theory that deficit spending by a government could supplement the total demand for goods and services, thus reducing the risk and impact of recession and depression, were posited by
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economics
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A short-term decline in the economy characterized by sagging investment, falling production, and increasing unemployment is called
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recession
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By (year) ______the Cold War ended as the Soviet Union collapsed after revolutions in Eastern European states.
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1991
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In 1989, the Chinese government brutally suppressed a pro-democracy movement at this location
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Tiananmen Square
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In the 1980s, the policy that the United States would provide military assistance to anticommunist groups fighting against pro-Soviet governments was called the
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Reagan doctrine
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During the 1920s and 1930s, most Americans agreed the United States should follow a policy of
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laissez-faire
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The policy implemented at the end of the Vietnam War in which the United States would supply arms and equipment to countries but not send American soldiers was called the
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Nixon Doctrine? Vietnamization
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Which of the presidential doctrines is best defined as “the Persian Gulf area was a vital U.S. interest and the United States would fight to maintain access to it
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Carter Doctrine
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In the year ___, all the following events occurred: NATO deployed intermediate range missiles in Europe; Reagan announced the “Star Wars” strategic defense plan; the Soviets destroyed a commercial Korean airliner; the United States invaded Granada; and the Soviet Union walked out of arms talks
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1983
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NATO” stands for _____. When was it formed and for what purpose?
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization. It was formed in April 4, 1949 ; for the first couple of years NATO was not much more than a political association,NATO’s purpose was to constitute a system of collective defense whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party.
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Income security programs intended to assist persons whose income falls below a designated level are called _
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The Social Security Act of 1965 –the passing of Medicare and Medicaid.
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The demise of programs is rare but in 1995 Congress abolished the
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Interstate Commerce Commission
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A number of factors have contributed to the growth of medical spending (Medicare) in this country, including
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the ratio of workers paying Medicare taxes to retirees drawing benefits is shrinking, at the same time that the price of health care services per person is increasing, also fraud is occurring.
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Which department(s) has (have) the responsibility for implementing U.S. foreign and defense policy?
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Department of State and Department of War
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The largest reorganization of the federal government since 1947 resulted in the creation of the _
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health and human services or homeland security department???__.
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A short-term decline in the economy characterized by sagging investment, falling production, and increasing unemployment is called
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Recession
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The executive agency which is responsible for collection and analysis of information and intelligence about foreign countries and events is the
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Central Intelligence Agency
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Congress’s key role in shaping foreign and military policy is through
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drafting legislation
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has significant effects on the scope, effectiveness, and impact of a policy.
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__policy study
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The president, vice president, secretaries of state and defense, chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the director of Central Intelligence are the members of
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the Cabinet
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List the three major components of the Social Security Act of 1935.
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Retirement, Disability, Death, and Medicare Benefits.Unemployment Compensation.
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Classical Theory
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The study was primarily concerned with the dynamics of economic growth. It stressed economic freedom and promoted ideas such as laissez-faire and free competition.
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Monetary
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analyzing money in its functions as a medium of exchange, store of value, and unit of account. It considers how money, for example fiat currency, can gain acceptance purely because of its convenience as a public good.
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Keynesian
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An economic theory stating that active government intervention in the marketplace and monetary policy is the best method of ensuring economic growth and stability.
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List and describe the steps in the policy making process.
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Agenda setting
Policy formulation Policy adoption Policy implementation Policy evaluation |
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October 24,1929, is known as ___. or Oct 29
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when the DJIA fell 12% - one of the largest one-day drops in stock market history. More than 16 million shares were traded in a panic selloff. BLACK TUESDAY
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The crafting of appropriate and acceptable proposed courses of action to ameliorate or resolve public problems is called ______
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Public Policy
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The current Chair of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System is ____
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Ben Bernake
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What are the duties of the Federal Reserve Banks
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regulatory powers over the money supply and the credit structure, bailing out the other banks, supply all banks in the district with money
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In 2005, the federal poverty line for a family of four was ______ and in 2007 it was _ ____.
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19,350
21,203 |
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The total percentage tax for Social Security and Medicare paid on an income of $24,000 is
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2.9%
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Currently, Social Security tax is paid on income up to
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$100,000
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Medicare tax is paid on income up to ___.
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After 1993, there has been no limitation on HI-taxable earnings
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The deliberate use of taxing and spending policies to improve the country's economic prospects is called
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fiscal policy
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A short-term decline in the economy characterized by sagging investment, falling production, and increasing unemployment is called
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recession
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Medicaid and Medicare policy issues would most likely fall under which ’Purpose’ category of public policy
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Health and Safety
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Americans tend to be very proud of their ability to take advantage of a situation; this is called
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pragmatism
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In the 1980s, the policy that the United States would provide military assistance to anticommunist groups fighting against pro-Soviet governments was called the
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Reagan Doctrine
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During the early history of the US, (including immediately following WWI), most Americans agreed the United States should follow a policy of ______ , a policy that defeated the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles.
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Isolationism
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Approximately, how many American troops were killed
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, 58,000___.
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In the Korean War
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, 33,665
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In the Iraq War
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, 4,271
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In World War II
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over 400,000
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The policy implemented at the end of the Vietnam War in which the United States would supply arms and equipment to countries (particularly Vietnam) but not send American soldiers was called the
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Nixon Doctrine
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Which foreign policy of a president (in your text) is best defined as “the Persian Gulf area was a vital U.S. interest and the United States would fight to maintain access to it
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Carter Doctrine
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Which of the following is defined as “an agreement which promotes free movement of goods and services among Canada, Mexico and the United States.
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North American Free Trade Agreement. (NAFTA)
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.In 2003, state and local governments were spending a total of _____% of funds spent on public education (
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93
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According to your text, (and the Budget of the United States, 2007,) ____ percentage of federal revenue is paid by taxpayers in the form of individual income tax and social security and Medicare tax. page 591 graph
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45.4
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By the year ____ the Social Security dependency ratio will be 2 workers to 1 beneficiaries.
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2010
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In 2003, the federal poverty line for a family of four was ______ and in 2008 it was _____.
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$18,810
$20,650 |
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Income security programs intended to assist persons whose income falls below a designated level are called
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___social welfare entitlement programs
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The total percentage tax on Social Security and Medicare paid on an income of $24,000 is
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15.3%
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.In 2007, Social Security tax is paid on income up to
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__(2006=$94,200) (2007=???)__.
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.In 1890, Congress passed the __________, a law designed to prohibit monopolies.
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Sherman Act/anti-trust law
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The doctrine that government takes an active role in guiding and regulating the economy is called
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centralized federalism
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Immigration policy questions would most likely fall under which ’Purpose’ category of public policy?
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. Bureaucratic
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.The American Medical Association guidelines concerning ethics would fall under which "Type" of public policy?
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Interest
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Which term is defined as "possession of sufficient and varied power to survive the best first strike by a potential foe with enough power and willingness to inflict unacceptable damage on such an attacker?
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Deterrence
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Which term is described as having "a key principle that no one power or coalition of powers should be allowed to gain such dominating power as to be able to dictate terms of the relationship among nations without having to compromise its interest with the demands of competing interests"?
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The Balance of Power
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.The executive agency which is responsible for collection and analysis of information and intelligence about foreign countries and events is the
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National Security Council
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Who is eligible to receive EITC benefits
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Low income people who actually worked and apply for the credit when they file their income taxes
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