Government Exam 3

Front 1

The Civil Rights Act of 1964

Back 1

Prohibits discrimination based on race in employment, education, and places of public accommodation

Front 2

Citizens United v. FCC

Back 2

the regulation of campaign spending by organizations. The United States Supreme Court held that the First Amendment prohibited the government from restricting independent political expenditures by a nonprofit corporation.

Front 3

Civil War Amendments

Back 3

13th, 14th, and 15th amendments

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13th amendment

Back 4

Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation

Front 5

14th amendment

Back 5

Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

Front 6

15th amendment

Back 6

Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Front 7

Tenth Amendment

Back 7

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved the the States respectively, or to the people. Reserves to the states or to the people those powers not delegated to the united states.

Front 8

Griswold v. Connecticut

Back 8

a landmark case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the Constitution protected a right to privacy. The case involved a Connecticut statute that prohibits any person from using "any drug, medicinal article or instrument for the purpose of preventing conception." By a vote of 7–2, the Supreme Court invalidated the law on the grounds that it violated the "right to marital privacy".

Front 9

Roe v. Wade

Back 9

Abortion - Protected as a right of privacy in Roe v. Wade, and upheld when challenged

Front 10

Lawrence v. Texas

Back 10

a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court. In the 6–3 ruling the Court struck down the sodomy law in Texas and, by extension, invalidated sodomy laws in 13 other states, making same-sex sexual activity legal in every U.S. state and territory.

Front 11

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Back 11

American Citizens, who were of Japanese descent had their property taken, were tagged, and relocated to internment camps under Executive Order 9066 signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Front 12

Brown v. Board of Education

Back 12

a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional.

Front 13

Voting Rights Act

Back 13

Gives the federal government the power to prevent discrimination in voting rights.

Front 14

Separate-But-Equal Doctrine

Back 14

Supreme court doctrine that upheld segregation as long as there were equivalent facilities for blacks.

Front 15

Lyndon Johnson

Back 15

Lyndon Baines Johnson, often referred to as LBJ, was the 36th President of the United States, a position he assumed after his service as the 37th Vice President when Kennedy was assassinated. Part of the Civil Rights Movement.

Front 16

prior restraint

Back 16

government restrictions of freedom of the press that prevent material from being published.

Front 17

censorship

Back 17

Censorship is the suppression of speech, public communication or other information which may be considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, politically incorrect or inconvenient as determined by governments, media outlets, authorities or other groups or institutions.

Front 18

Federalism

Back 18

System of government in which sovereignty is constitutionally divided between national and state governments.

Front 19

Enumerated Powers

Back 19

powers expressly granted to Congress by the Constitution.

Front 20

Implied Powers

Back 20

powers not expressly granted to Congress but added through the necessary and proper clause.

Front 21

Cady Stanton

Back 21

an American social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of the early women's rights movement.

Front 22

Near v. Minnesota

Back 22

a landmark United States Supreme Court decision that recognized the freedom of the press by roundly rejecting prior restraints on publication, a principle that was applied to free speech generally in subsequent jurisprudence.

Front 23

Miranda v. Arizona

Back 23

a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court which passed 5–4. The Court held that both inculpatory and exculpatory statements made in response to interrogation by a defendant in police custody will be admissible at trial only if the prosecution can show that the defendant was informed of the right to consult with an attorney before and during questioning and of the right against self-incrimination before police questioning, and that the defendant not only understood these rights, but voluntarily waived them.

(Miranda Rights)

Front 24

Gideon v. Wainright

Back 24

a landmark case in United States Supreme Court history. In it the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that state courts are required under the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution to provide counsel in criminal cases to represent defendants who are unable to afford to pay their own attorneys.

Front 25

Fourth Amendment

Back 25

the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath of affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be searched.

Front 26

Probable Cause

Back 26

In United States criminal law, probable cause is the standard by which an officer or agent of the law has the grounds to obtain a warrant for, or as an exception to the warrant requirements for, making an arrest or conducting a personal or property search, etc. when criminal charges are being considered.

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Strict Scrutiny Test

Back 27

Suspect category—assumed unconstitutional in the absence of an overwhelming justification. Applies to race, ethnicity, etc.

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Reasonable Basis Test

Back 28

Not suspect category—assumed constitutional unless no sound rationale for the law can be provided; applies to age, income, etc.

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De facto discrimination

Back 29

Social, economic, cultural biases—discrimination

Front 30

United States v. Windsor

Back 30

a landmark case in which the United States Supreme Court held that restricting U.S. federal interpretation of "marriage" and "spouse" to apply only to heterosexual unions, by Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), is unconstitutional under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment

Front 31

Watergate

Back 31

The Watergate scandal was a major political scandal that occurred in the United States in the 1970s as a result of the June 17, 1972, break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate office complex in Washington, D.C., and the Nixon administration's attempted cover-up of its involvement.

Front 32

CNN

Back 32

First 24/7 news

Founded by Ted Turner in 1980

Chose to pursue a path of partisan neutrality

Front 33

Fox News

Back 33

Founded by Rupert Murdoch in 1996

Chose a partisan (conservative ) format

Front 34

Agenda Setting

Back 34

Ability of the media to affect the way people view issues, people, or events by controlling which stories are shown and which are not.

Front 35

Priming

Back 35

Process whereby the media influence the criteria the public uses to make decisions.

Front 36

Framing

Back 36

Ability of the media to influence public perception of issues by construction the issue or discussion of a subject in a certain way.

Front 37

Economic Interest Groups

Back 37

Group formed to advance the economic status of its member.

Front 38

Single Issue Interest Groups

Back 38

Groups that form to present one view on a highly salient issue that is intensely important to members, such as gun control or abortion.

Front 39

Revolving Door

Back 39

Movement of members of Congress, lobbyists, and executive branch employees into paid positions in each other’s organization.

Front 40

Iron Triangle

Back 40

Insular and closed relationship among interest groups, members of Congress, and federal agencies.

Front 41

Voter Turnout

Back 41

Over all, the national turnout was 36.3 percent; only the 1942 federal election had a lower participation rate at 33.9 percent. The reasons are apathy, anger and frustration at the relentlessly negative tone of the campaigns

Front 42

Best predictors for who will vote

Back 42

Higher education and income

Older age

Women

Front 43

Demagogue

Back 43

A politician who appeals to the ignorance, the emotions, and prejudices of the masses.