Government Exam 3

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Political Socialization

Back 1

the process through which individuals acquire their political beliefs and values.

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Agents of Socialization (what makes someone dem or rep)

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Family, school, church, gender, media, education, political conditions, etc.

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Public Opinion

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what the public thinks about a particular issue or set of issues at any point in time

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public opinion polls

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began in the 1930s; interviews or surveys with samples of citizens that are used to estimate the feelings and beliefs of the entire population

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random sampling

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a method of poll selection that gives each person in a group the same chance of being selected

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stratified sampling

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a variation of random sampling; census data are used to divide the country into four sampling regions. Sets of counties and standard metropolitan statistical areas are then randomly selected in proportion to the total national population

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push polls

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polls taken for the purpose of providing information on an opponent that would lead respondent to vote against that candidate.

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tracking polls

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continuous surveys that enable a campaign to chart its daily rise or fall in support

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political ideology

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the coherent set of values and beliefs about the purpose and scope of government held by groups and individuals

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Political party

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Group of office holders, candidates, activists, & voters who identify with a group label & who pursue common interests by gaining & exercising power through the electoral process

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governmental party

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the office holders who organize themselves and pursue policy objectives under a party label

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organizational party

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the workers and activists who make up the party's formal organization structure.

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party in the electorate

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the voters who consider themselves allied or associated with the party.

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direct primary

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the selection of party candidates through the ballots of qualified voters rather than at party nominating conventions.

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civil service laws

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these acts removed the staffing of the bureaucracy from political parties that created a professional bureaucracy filled through competition.

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issue oriented politics

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politics that focuses on specific issues rather than on part, candidate, or other loyalties.

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ticket split

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to vote for candidates of different parties for various offices in the same election

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candidate centered politics

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politics that focuses directly on the candidates, their particular issues, and character, rather than on party affiliation

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party realignment

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a shifting of party coalition groupings in the electorate that remains in place for several elections

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critical election

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an election that signals a party realignment through voter polarization around new issues.

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secular realignment

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the gradual rearrangement of party coalitions, based more on demographic shifts than on shocks to the political system

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winner-take-all system

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an electoral system in which the party that receives at least one more vote than any other party wins the election.

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proportional representation

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a voting system that apportions legislative seats according to the percentage of the vote won by a particular political party

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national party platform

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a statement of the general and specific philosophy and policy goals of a political party, usually promulgated at the national convention

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national convention

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a part meeting held in the presidential election year for the purpose of nominating a presidential and vice presidential ticket and adopting a platform

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think tank

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institutional collection of policy oriented researchers and academics who are sources of policy ideas

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soft money

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the virtually unregulated money funneled through political parties for party-building purpose, such as get out the vote efforts or issue ads. Banned after 2002

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hard money

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funds that can be used for direct electioneering but are limited and regulated by the Federal Elections Commission

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party identification

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a citizen's persona; affinity for a political party, usually expressed by a tendency to vote for the candidates of that party

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South & west

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there are more Republicans in the ____?

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far west and northeast

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There are more democrats in the _____?

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democratic

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African americans are more _____?

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democratic

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Hispanics are more ______? Cubans are exception.

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democratic

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Very youngest and oldest are _____?

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republican

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middle age are _______?

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democratic

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Blue collar workers are more _____?

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republican

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white collar workers are more ______?

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republican; democratic

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college educated people are more _______? people with advanced degrees are more ______?

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dealignment

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a general decline in party identification and loyalty in the electorate

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conventional political participation

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political participation that attempts to influence the political process through well accepted, often moderate forms of persuasion

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unconventional political participation

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political participation that attemps to influence the political process through unusual or extreme measures, such as protests, boycotts, and picketing

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turnout

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the proportion of the voting age public that votes. 40% is average; 25% occasional; 35% rarely

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retrospective judgement

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a voter's evaluation of the performance of the party in power

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prospective judgement

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a voter's evaluation of a candidate based on what he or she pledges to do about an issue if elected

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mandates

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a command, indicated by an electorate's votes, for the elected officials to carry out their platforms.

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electorate

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citizens eligible to vote

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primary election

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election in which voters decide which of the candidates within a party will represent the party in the general election

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closed primary

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a primary election in which only a party's registered voters are eligible to vote

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open primary

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a primary in which party members, independents, and sometimes members of the other party are allowed to vote

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crossover voting

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participation in the primary of a party with which the voter is not affiliated

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raiding

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an organizing attempt by voters of one party to influence the primary results of the other party

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runoff primary

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a second primary election between the two candidates receiving the greatest number of votes in the first primary

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general election

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election in which voters decide which candidates will actually fill elective public offices

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initiative

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an election that allows citizens to propose legislation and submit it to the state electorate for popular vote

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referendum

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an election whereby the state legislature submits proposed legislation to the stat's voters for approval

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recall

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an election in which voters can remove an incubent from office by popular vote

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frontloading

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the tendency of states to choose an early date on the primary calendar

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unit rule

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a traditional party practice under which the majority of a state delegation can force the minority to vote for its candidate

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super delegate

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delegate slot to the democratic party's national convention that is reserved for an elected party official

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reapportionment

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the reallocation of the number of seats in the house of representatives after each census

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incumbency

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the holding of an office

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redistricting

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redrawing congressional districts to reflect increase or decreases in seats allotted to the states as well as population shifts within a state.

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gerrymandering

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redrawing of legislative districts in order to assure that the maximum number of representatives from its political party can be elected to congress

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nomination campaign

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part of a political campaign aimed at winning a primary election

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general election race

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that part of a political campaign aimed at winning a general election

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voter canvas

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the process by which a campaign reaches individual voters, either by door to door solicitation or by telephone

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Campaign manager

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Travels w/ candidate & coordinates campaign

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Finance chair

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Responsible for coordinating fundraising

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Pollster

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a person who Runs surveys to see how well their candidate is doing in an area

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campaign consultant

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a private sector professional who sells to a candidate the technologies, setvice, and strategies required to get that candidate elected

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media consultant

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professional who produces candidates television, radio, and print advertisements

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paid media

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political advertisements purchased for a candidate's campaign

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new media

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new technologies, such as internet, that blur the line between paid and free media sources

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positive ad

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advertising on behalf of a candidate that stresses the candidate's qualifications, family, and issue positions, without reference to the opponent.

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negative ad

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advertising on behalf of a candidate that attacks the opponent's platform or character

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inoculation ad

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advertising that attempts to counteract an anticipated attack from the opposition before the attack is launched

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Bipartisan Campaign Finance Reform Act

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update FECA (federal election campaign act) of 1973; Outlaws soft money; Limits individual & PAC funds; Political parties become larger players; Allows donations from “leadership PACs”;
Doesn‘t regulate personal $; Regulates public & matching funds

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527 political committees

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nonprofit and unregulated interest groups that focus on specific causes or policy positions and attempt to influence voters

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501 (c)(3) committees

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nonprofit and tax exempt groups that can educate voters about issues and are not required to release the names of their contributors

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Mass media

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the entire array of organizations through which information is collected and disseminated to the general public

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news media

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media providing the public with new information about subjects of public interest

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affiliates

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local television stations that carry the programming of a national network

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wire service

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an electronic delivery of news gathered by the news service's correspondents and sent to all member news media organizations.

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narrowcasting

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targeting media programming at specific populations within society

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content regulation

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government attempts to regulate the substance of the mass media

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equal time rule

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the rule the requires broadcast stations to sell air time equally to all candidates in a political campaign if they choose to sell it to any.

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on background

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information provided to a journalist that will not be attributed to a name source

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deep background

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information provided to a journalist that will not be attributed to any source

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New york times v. sullivan

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the SC concluded that "actual malice" must be proved to support a finding of libel against a public figure

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framing

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the process by which a news organization defines a political issue and consequently affects opinion about the issue

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social capital

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the myriad relationships that individuals enjoy that facilitate the resolution of community problems through collective action

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civiv virtue

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the tendency to form small scale associations for the public good

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pluralist theory

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the theory that political power is distributed among a wide array of diverse and competing interest groups

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disturbance theory

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the theory that interest groups form in part of counteract the efforts of other groups

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transaction theory

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the theory that public policies are the result of narrowly defined exchanges among political actors

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lobbyist

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interest group representative who seeks to influence legislation that will benefit his or her organization or client through political persuasion

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trade association

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a group that represents a specific industry

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free rider problem

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potential members fail to join a group because they can get the benefits, or collective good, sought by the group without contributing the effort.