Government Exam 1

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Governments

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the formal vehicle through which policies are made and affairs of state are conducted and whose actions are binding on citizens

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citizens

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members of a political community who have rights and obligations attached to them

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politics

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study of who gets what, when and how and how policy decisions are made

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functions of government

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establishing justice
ensuring domestic tranquility
providing for the common defense
promoting the general welfare
securing the blessings of liberty

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monarchy

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a form of government in which supreme power is in an individual who rules as a head of state often for life or until abdication and is set apart from other members of the state

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totalitarianism

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economic system in which government controls the economy

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totalitarianism

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the state regulates nearly every aspect of the public and private life

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totalitarianism

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often refers to fascist italy, nazi germany or communist states such as USSR, modern China and North Korea

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oligarchy

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a form of government where political power effectively rests with a small elite segment of society and participation is distinguished by wealth, family, military powers or spiritual hegemony

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democracy

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system of government that gives power to the people whether directly or through elected representatives

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principle of democracy

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that all members of the society have equal access to power and that all members enjoy universally recognized freedoms and liberties.

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enlightenment

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philosophers and scientists such as Isaac newton questioned fate and divine right of kings.

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reformation

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radical protestants split from the church of England

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protestants and puritans

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these people believed in the ability to speak directly to God

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pilgrims

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these people established self-governing congregations including the mayflower compact

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mayflower compact

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an agreement between people and their government, signifying consent to be governed

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Social Contract theory of Government

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argues that individuals were free and equal by God- given natural right and this required that all men and women give their consent to be governed.

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Hobbes

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this man argued that man's natural state was ware and without government life would be solitary, nasty , brutish, and short...basically a struggle to survive. There fore there is a need for a single, strong ruler, to guarantee the rights of the weak against the strong

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Locke

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this man took the basic survival of humanity for granted

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Locke

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This man argued that government is necessary to preserve private property, he denied divine right, and argued that individuals are born equal and with natural rights no king had the right to void

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political culture

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commonly shared attitudes, beliefs, and core values about how government should operate

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emphasis of American political culture

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personal liberty
equality
popular consent
majority rule
popular sovereignty

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popular consent

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the idea that governments must draw their powers from the consent of the governed

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majority rule

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central premise of direct democracy in which only policies that collectively garner the support of the majority of the voters will be made into law

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popular sovereignty

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right of the majority to govern themselves based on natural law

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natural law

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ethical principles that are part of nature and understood by reason

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civil society

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a society created when citizens are allowed to organize and express their views publicly as they engage in open debate about public policy.

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individualism

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important political value, and is a concept that is changed over time

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religious faith

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lens through which many Americans perceive policy and political issues, and it has a major role in shaping current political agenda

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political ideology

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a set or system of beliefs that shapes the thinking of individuals and how they view the world

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4 key functions of political ideology

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explanation
evaluation
orientation
political program

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libertarian

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favors a free market economy and no governmental interference in personal liberties

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conservative

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a government is best that governs least, a big government can only infringe on individual, personal, and economic rights

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social conservative

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believes that traditional moral teachings should be supported and furthered by the government

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liberal

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favors extensive governmental involvement in the economy and the provision of social services; takes an activist role in protecting rights of women, elderly, minorities and the environment

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democracy

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a set of ideas and principles about freedom but s also a set of practices and procedures that have been molded throughout history

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democracy

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the institutionalization of freedom

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confederation

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type of government where the national government derives its powers from states; a league of independent states

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franklin, paine, jefferson, John Adams, and Roger Sherman

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authors of the declaration of independence

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constitution

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a document establishing the structure, functions, and limitations of a government

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separation of powers
checks and balances
federal system

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3 principles of US constitution

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separation of powers

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way of dividing power among 3 branches of government

members of 3 branches are selected by and responsible to different constituencies

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checks and balances

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gives each of the three branches of government some degree of oversight and control over the actions of the others

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federal system

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plan of government created by Constitution in which power is divided between the national government and the state government and in which independent states are bound together under one national government

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declaration of rights and reserves

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called for a colonial rights of petition and assembly, trial bu peers, freedom from a standing army and the selection of representatives councils to levy taxes

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article1

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the legislative branch

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article 2

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the executive branch

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article 3

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the judicial branch

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articles 4-7

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attempted to anticipate problems that might occur in the operation of the new national government and relations it had with the states

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article 4

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full faith and credit clause

method for admitting new states to the union

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article 5

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explains how amendments can be added to the constitution

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article 6

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supremacy clause and no religious test should be required for holding office

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article 7

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concerns procedures for the ratification of the new constitution


need 9 of 13 to agree

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unitary system

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the local and regional governments derive all authority form a strong national government

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categorical grant

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grant for which Congress appropriates funds for a specific purpose

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libel

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false written statements tending to call someone's reputation into disrepute

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slander

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UNTRUE spoken statements that defame the character of a person