Government Chapter 7

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Lyndon Johnson had 3 screens installed

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to see CBS, NBC, and ABC at the same time; he would want to hear everything said about him; symbolizes tremendous importance television had assumed in US politics by mid-1960s

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Television would sometimes

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set the stage for leaders to take quick action affecting the scope of government

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NBC Interrupted "Judgment at Nuremburg" to show

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film just made available of civil rights demonstrators being attacked by police in Selma, Alabama

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Sensing outrage from showing of "Judgment at Nuremburg" Johnson proposed

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Voting Rights Act of 1965

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Television sets the state by focusing attention on issue and putting it high on the policy agenda

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Evident in: flooding of New Orleans; people saw images and felt gov't should take quick action to deal with the situation

According to Newsweek, Dan Bartlett, counselor to the president, compiled a DVD of these reports to impress bush on the urgency of the problem

Soon after, president accelerated military's response to the situation

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Television has brought an

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immediacy to how we govern, removing the filter of time from events; people expect immediate governmental responses

Front 7

High-tech politics:

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a politics in which the behavior of citizens and policymakers, as well as the political agenda itself, is increasingly shaped by technology

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Mass media:

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television, radio, newspapers, magazines, the Internet, and other means of popular communication; reach and profoundly influence not only the elites but also the masses

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Key to mass media is getting control over the political agenda, which involves

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getting one's priorities presented at the top of the daily news

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Way to guide the media's focus successfully:

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limit what they can report on to carefully scripted events

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Media event

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staged primarily for the purpose of being covered

Ex: on the eve of the 2004 New Hampshire primary, John Kerry went door-to-door in a middle-class neighborhood with TV crews behind

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Getting the right image on TV news for 30 seconds can have a greater payoff than

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a whole day's worth of handshaking

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GOTV went from

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"Get Out the Vote" to "Get On TV"

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large part of today's 30-second presidency is

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slickly produced TV commercial

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__% of today's presidential campaign spending is devoted to TV ads

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60%

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_/_ of prominently aired ads were negative commercials

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2/3

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Other democracies typically allocate:

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free airtime to parties for longer ads that go into more depth

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Politicians' images in the press are seen as:

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good indicators of their clout

Front 19

According to Mark Hertsgaard: news management in the Reagan White House operated on seven principles

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1. plan ahead
2. stay on the offensive
3. control the flow of information
4. limit reporters' access to the president
5. talk about the issues you want to talk about
6. speak in one voice
7. repeat the same message many times

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According to Bob Woodward, Clinton said,

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"I did not realize the importance of communications and the overriding importance of what is on the evening television news. If I am not on, or there with a message, someone else is, with their message."

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Radio and television have been around only since:

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first half of the twentieth century

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As early as __________, reporters:

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submitted questions to the president in writing, and he responded in writing

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Hoover said,

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"The President of the US will not stand to be questioned like a chicken thief by men whose names he does not even know."

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___ invented media politics.

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FDR

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Roosevelt promised __ press conferences per week

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2

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Press conferences:

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presidential meetings with reporters

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FDR was first to use radio, called

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"fireside chats"

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Theodore White said --

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Roosevelt spoke for 14 minutes and kept 1 minute silent to make listeners change their dials before his opponent, Thomas E. Dewey, came on the air

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Roosevelt used ____________ to warn reporters off material he did not want covered, chastised news reports he deemed inaccurate

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presidential wrath

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Cozy relationship between politicians and the press lasted through

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the early 1960s

Front 31

ABC's Sam Donaldson said when he came to Washington in 1961,

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"Many reporters saw themselves as an extension of the government, accepting, with very little skepticism, what government officials told them"

coverage of a politician's personal life was generally off-limits

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R. W. Apple, Jr. of the NYT witnessed a young woman being escorted to Kennedy's suite

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but he was told not to report it, only report on political and diplomatic policies

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__________ and __________ soured the press on government

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Vietnam War and Watergate

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Newspapers now work in an environment of _______

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cynicism

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Press feels their job is

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ferreting out the truth

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After Clinton-Lewinsky scandal, __% in press briefing regarded scandal

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75%

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Investigative journalism

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use of detective-like reporting methods to unearth scandals - often pits reporters against political leaders

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TV's fondness for investigative journalism has contributed to

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greater public cynacism and negativity about politics

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Thomas Patterson found in his analysis of media coverage of presidential campaigns in 1960 that...

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news coverage of presidential candidates has become increasingly less favorable

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Favorable references about Kennedy and Nixon outnumbered unfavorable ones by

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3 to 1

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in 1992, there were __ to __ references regarding Clinton/Bush

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3 negative to 2 positive

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Emphasis of campaign reporting has changed dramatically from

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"what" to "why"

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In NYT, in 1960 over __% of stories employed a descriptive framework, and by 1992 less than __% did so

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90% in 1960, 20% in 1992

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Type of interpretative story that has become more prominent is:

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hard-biting analysis of political maneuvering and the horse race

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the press maintains that public can now get a:

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complete, accurate, and unvarnished look at the candidates

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Critics of the media charge that they:

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overemphasize the controversial aspects of the campaign at the expense of an examination of the major issues

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Print media

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newspapers and magazines

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Broadcast media

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radio, television, and the internet

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First American daily newspaper printed:

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Philadelphia in 1783

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First amendment in 1791 gave freedom to print what they saw fit, giving ability to

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"display the government's dirty linen"

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Ushered in yellow journalism

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William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer

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yellow journalism

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focused on violence, corruption, wars, gossip, with a less-than-scrupulous regard for the truth

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Hearst boasted during Spanish-American war,

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"You finish the pictures and I'll furnish the war."

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the newspaper of record

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NYT

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other reliable newspapers

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Washington Post, Chicago Tribune, Los Angeles Times

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For most newspapers in medium and small towns main source of national and world news comes from the:

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Associated Press wire service

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Associated Press

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2,700 reporters, photographers, and editors scattered around every major location in the US; more news-gathering ability than any other news organization

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Other wire services

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Reuters, International Press

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Numbers for newspapers sold:

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1960 - one for every two adults

2004 - one for every four adults

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____ are struggling in the internet age

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magazines

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Newsweeklies

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Time, Newsweek, US News and World Report; rank behind Readers Digest, TV Guide, and National Geographic

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Serious magazines of political news and opinions tend to be read by the educated elite: such as

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News Republic, National Review, Atlantic Monthly, The Economist

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Political career of _____ made and unmade by television

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Richard Nixon

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Nixon a famous speech in 1952 while running as Eisenhower's VP

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he didn't take payments under the table; only gift he took was Checkers to give to his daughters because they loved him

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First televised debate:

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1960 between Nixon and Kennedy

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Nixon blamed his poor appearance for the loss of the election

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he was sick the day before, looked bad compared to Kennedy

first display of power of television

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(not sure if i need to know) Russell Baker said that

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"television replaced newspapers as the most important communications medium in American politics" during Kennedy V. Nixon debates

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Television took nation to war in 1960s

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exposed government naiveté about the progress of the war

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in 1968, CBS anchor Walter Cronkite journeyed to Vietnam to see state of the war

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reported that war was not being won, nor was it likely to be

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1934 - Congress created Federal Communications Commission to regulate use of airwaves

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regulates communications by radio, television, telephone, cable, and satellite

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FCC is an independent body, but

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it is subject to many political pressures; congress uses its control over the purse strings of the agency to influence the commission; presidential appointments to it are made with political considerations in mind

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FCC's 1st regulation

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to prevent near monopolies of control over a broadcast market, it as instituted rules to limit the number of stations owned or controlled by one company

since 1996, simplified to state that no single owner can control more than 35% of market

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FCC's 2nd regulation

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periodic examinations of the goals and performance of stations as part of its licensing authority

to receive a broadcasting license, station must serve the public interest

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FCC's 3rd regulation

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Has issued a number of fair treatment rules concerning access to the airwaves for political candidates and officeholders

if a station sells advertising to one candidate, it must be willing to sell equal time to other candidates for the same office

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right-of-reply rule (Fairness Doctrine)

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if one person is attacked on a broadcast other than the news, they have right to reply via the same station; abolished in late 1980s

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Hardest job for any journalist

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decide what they deem to be newsworthy

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Edward J. Epstein - News from Nowhere

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summarizes observations from a year of observing NBC's news department form inside the organization

in pursuit of high ratings, news shows are tailored to a fairly low level of audience sophistication

to a large extent, TV networks define news as what is entertaining to the average viewer

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First major networks

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ABC, NBC, CBS

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Narrowcasting

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media that focuses on one particular topic, aimed at a particular audience

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What group of people are least likely to be using newspapers and broadcast media?

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young adults, because they were narrowcasted

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Michael Bohn said

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cable news has become a more valuable source of breaking information in the White House situation room

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_/_ of Americans subscribe to cable TV

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2/3

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William Taubman thought of all news networks as having

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24 hours/day to play with and proposed numerous interviews with Soviets about their country's struggle to transform itself. However, CNN saw itself as having 48 hours of half-hour segments, each of which had to cover the world and pay for that coverage with regularly scheduled features

Front 84

Columbia University's Project for Excellence in Journalism analyzed 240 hours of cable news programming during 2003

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only 11% was taken up with written and edited stories

role of reporter was to talk extemporaneously

stories were repeated frequently, usually without any important information

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beats

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specific locations from which news often emanates, such as Congress

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during the Gulf War, more than __% of the lead stories on newscasts came from the White House, Pentagon, and State Department beats

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50%

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trial balloons

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information leaked to see what the political reaction will be

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Few days prior to Clinton's admission that he had an "inappropriate relationship" with Monica Lewinsky, president leaked the story to

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Richard Berke of NYT

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News makers rely on journalists to get their message out at the same time that

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reporters rely on public officials to keep them in the know

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During 1991 Gulf War, reporters freedoms for

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movement and observation were severely restricted

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After gulf war, 15 influential news organizations sent a letter to the

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Secretary of Defense complaining that the rules for reporting the war were designed more to control the news than to facilitate it

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Since ______, news have sent reporters on beats to explose uglier side of gov't corruption and inefficiency

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Watergate

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1997 - NYT won a Pulitzer Prize for its reports on how a proposed gold-mining operation threatened the environment of

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Yellowstone National Park

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Clinton visited here because he had read about it in the NYT

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Yellowstone National Park

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1999, Chicago Tribune documented the experience of

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numerous Illinois men sentenced to death who had been convicted on questionable evidence or coerced into confessing; soon after, Gov. of Illinois suspended all executions in the state

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in 2000, a Houston TV station reported on

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Ford Explorers equipped with firestone tires were involved in a series of fatal traffic accidents

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Once the news has been found, it is compressed into

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a 30-second news segment

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Analysis of news events rarely last more than a minute, except for

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news hour on PBS and ABC's Nightline

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In 2000, the average sound bite of a candidate averaged

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less than 10 seconds

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Study by the LA Times in the mid-1980s found that reporters were

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twice as likely to call themselves liberal as the general public

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1992 survey of 1400 journalists found that:

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44% identified themselves as Democrats, while 16% identified as Republican

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Most stories are presented in a _________ format

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point/counterpoint where opposing points of view are presented, and the audience is left to draw its own conclusion

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Media and outlets have a direct financial stake in

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attracting viewers and subscribers and do not want ot lost their audience by appearing biased

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Bias for story selection biased towards

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what will draw the largest audience

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People are most fascinated by stories with

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conflict, violence, disaster, or scandal

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Shanto Iyengar and Donald Kinder found that

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They could significantly affect the importance people attached to a given problem by splicing a few stories about it into the news over the course of a week

"what television does, is alter the priorities Americans attach to a circumscribed set a problems, all of which are plausible contenders for public concern."

Front 107

Study by Page, Shapiro, and Dempsey using opinion polls found that:

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1. People's opinions did shift with the tone of the news coverage

2. Popular presidents were much more effective than unpopular ones in changing people's opinions

3. News commentators had the strongest impact

Front 108

Political activists depend on the media to

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get their ideas placed high on the governmental agenda

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policy entrepreneurs

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people who invest their political capital in an issue

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Policy entrepreneurs' arsenal of weapons include

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press releases, conferences, and letter writing, convincing reporters to tell their side

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Media is not always monopolized by political elites

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the poor and downtrodden have access to them too

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Civil rights groups in the 1960s relied heavily on the

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media to tell their stories

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Protest groups have learned that if they can

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stage an interesting event that attracts the media's attention, at least their point of view will be heard

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The watchdog function of the media helsp to

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restrict politicians

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Many observers say the press is biased against

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whoever holds office at the moment and that reporters want to expose officeholders

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Reporters often see their job as

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crusading against foul play and unfairness in government and society

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The rise of TV broadcasting has reinforced and furthured _____

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individualism in the American political process

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Candidates are now much more capable of

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running for office on their own by appealing to people directly through TV

so, parties have declined, and candidate personality is mroe important than ever

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The rise of the "information society" has not brought about the rise of the

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"informed society"

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Whenever the media are criticised for being superficial, their defense it to say that

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THIS IS WHAT PEEPS WANT!!!!!1!1