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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
origin of bureaucracies
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developed in china to rationalize work of gov't, designed to ensure someone was responsible for a specific issue area through specialization
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bureaucracy
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hierarchical chain of command, division of labor and specialization, clear lines of authority, impersonal rules and merit based decision making
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3 original bureaucratic departments
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state, war, treasury
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department of agriculture
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created by Lincoln in 1862 due to poor harvests and need to feed troops during Civil War
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Justice department
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created after Civil War due to need to pay pensions to veterans and those injured from the war
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reasons for expansion of gov't
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wars, increased citizen demand for services, use of gov't jobs to reward political support
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spoils of politics
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name for public jobs between 1830-1880s
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Civil Service Reform Act (Pendleton Act)
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passed in 1883 to reduce patronage, build up merit-based system of public jobs
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Hatch Act
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prohibits federal employees from donating money to a president's campaign
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Interstate Commerce Commission
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first independed regulatory commission, created to counter price fixing, monopolies, unfair business practices that resulted from the industrial revolution
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Department of Commerce and Labor
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created in 1900 by Roosevelt to oversee employer-employee relations due to intolderable conditions, refusal of employers to allow unions
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16th amendment
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passed in 1913 - expanded gov't by allowing gov't to tax personal income which supported new services, agencies, programs
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Court Packing Plan
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FDR's attempt to change majority vote on supreme court so they would pass his New Deal programs
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four types of agencies
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cabinet departments, government corporations, independent agencies, regulatory commissions
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cabinet departments
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14 of them, 60% federal workforce, responsbile for conductiong broad areas of gov't operation, each headed by a secretary, assisted by deputies and undersecretaries, departments subdivided into functional units
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government corporations
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14 of them, major administrative units responsible for confucting broad areas of govt operation, 60% federal workforce, each headed by secretary, aided by deputies, undersecretaries, departments divided into functional units
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government corporations
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began in 1930s - businesses created to perform functions that could be performed by private businesses but arent b/c not profitable, ex. Amtrak, TN Valley Authority
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Independent Executive Agencies
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have narrower mandates than cabinet departments, usu. perform service function, ex. CIA, NASA, EPA
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Independent Regulatory Commussions
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regulate specific econ activity/interest, ex. National Labor Relations Booard/ Securities Exchange Commission, once appointed, cant be removed w/o cause, staggered terms of office
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Federal Employee Political Activities Act
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created 1993 (Clinton) - allows employees of fed govt to run for office in nonpartisan elections (ex school boards), contribute money if they want, participate in campaigns in nonwork hours
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Administrative Discretion
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ability to decide what passages mean due to 'wiggle room' in regulations caused by comprimises during policy making, allow bureaucracy power over shaping policy
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Rule Making
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bureaucratic power to write refulations that have force of law, printed in Federal Register, ake effect 30 days after printing
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Administrative Adjudictaion
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agency foces compliance w/ rule sthrough a trial
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Executive Control over Bureaucracy
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appoint/remove agency heads, reorganize bur., change budget, ignore bur. initiatives, issue executive orders
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Congressional Control over Bureaucracy
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pass legislation to alter agency's function, abolish existing programs, investigate bur. activites, influence presidential appointments, write legislation to limit bur. discretion, limit use of funds to agency
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Judicial Control over Bureaucracy
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rule whether bur acted w/in the law, rule on constitutionality, force respect for righs of individuals through hearings
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Interstate Commerce Act
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1887 - Congress began to regulate RRs, required RR rates be "just and reasonable," prohibited rate discrimination
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Sherman Anti-Trust Act
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1890 - prohibits restraints of trade and monopolies
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Progressive Movement
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1901-1917 - middle class reform movement designed to change political, econ, social system of US, wanted to control corporate power, make it more responsive to society and democratically elected govt
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New Deal
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proposed by Roosevelt - favored strong govt action to relieve econ distress of depression, established nat'l govt as major regulator of private businesses, provider of social security, responsible for maintaining stable econ
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Murray Bill
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proposed by Senator Murray (D-Mont) - guaranteed right to employment for anyone willing/able to work through govt investment during times when private investment = inadequate, opposed by conservatives
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Employment Act
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1946 - watered down version of Murray Bill - said fed govt responsible to use all pratcicable means to promote max. employment, created Council of Economic Advisors, Joint Economic Committee
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Council of Economic Advisors
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created thru employment act - set up advisors to pres on econ issues
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Wagner Act
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1935 - gave trade unions the right to collectively bargain, strongly opposed by conservatives and business
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Taft Hartley Act
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1946 - created when repubs became majority in congress - prohibited number of union activities, prohibited closed-shop arrangement
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closed shop arrangement
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said an employer could only hire union workers
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Social Regulation Era
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1960s-70s - caused by time of social activism, modern technology revealed unsafe products (DDT, cigarettes, leaded gas), congressmen saw advocating safety as way to enhance reputations, pres in office (LBJ/Nixon) supported movement
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deregulation
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1970's-80s movement that attacked economic regulations such as RRs, commercial airlines, financial institutions
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John Maynard Keynes
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economist - said gov't spending could be used to offset decline in private spending and help maintain levels of spending, production, employment, thus avoiding huge swing of econ cycles (deficit spending)
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Monetary Policy
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involves regulation of country's money supply and interest rates to stable econ, primary responsiblity rests w/ Federal Reserve
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Federal Reserve System
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created 1913, consists of Federal Reserve Board, Federal Open Market Committee, 12 Fed Reserve Banks
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Federal Reserve Board
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7 members appointed by pres, 14 yr terms, one member designated as chair (4 yr term)
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Fiscal Policy
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involves taxation, govt spending, formulated by pres and congress thru budget
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John Kennedy
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first pres to actively use fiscal policy, deliberately ran a deficit to fuel econ growth
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Budget and Accounting Act
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1921 - gave pres authority to prepare annual budget and submit it to congress
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Office of Management and Budget
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created to assist pres in preparing budget, provides bur w/ instructions, guidleines on pres priorities
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fiscal year
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october1 to september 30
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Gramm - Rudman - Hollings Act
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1985 - created a procedure for automatic deficit reduction, if congress didnt decide on cuts to balance budget, act would automatically cut programs and spending, didnt work
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Environmental Protection Agency
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largest regulatory body in the country
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