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228 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Natural Law
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Society should be governed by certain ethical principles that are part of nature
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Social Contract Theory
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People are Free and Equal by God-Given right, so people must give their consent to be governed
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Monarchy
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Form of gov't in which power is vested in hereditary kings and queens
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Oligarchy
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Gov't in which right to participate is conditioned on possession of wealth, social status, military position, or achievement
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Free Market Economy
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"Invisible Hand" regulates prices, wages, product mix, etc
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Capitalism
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Economic system that favors private control of business and minimal gov't control/regulation of private industry
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Mercantile System
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System that binds trade and it's administration to the National gov't
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Socialism
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Economic system that advocates collective ownership and control of the means of production
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Communism
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Economic System where workers own means of production and control distribution of resources
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Totalitarianism
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Gov't has total control over economy
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Personal Liberty
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Freedom to engage in a variety of practices, free from gov't discrimination
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Civil Society
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Citizens are allowed to organize and express their views publicly as they engage in open debate about public policy
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Political Culture
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Attitudes toward political system and its various parts/ attitudes toward role of self in gov't
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Political Ideology
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Set of coherent values and beliefs about the purpose and scope of gov't
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Conservative
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Least Gov't governs best. Big gov't infringes on individual, personal, and economic rights
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Liberal
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Favors extensive gov't involvement in economy and provision of social services, take activist roles in protecting rights...
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Libertarian
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Favors free market economy and no gov't interference in personal liberties.
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Necessary and Proper Clause
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Congress' "elastic clause" that grants them authority to pass all "necessary and proper" laws in order to carry out enumerated powers
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Supremacy Clause
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National Law is supreme.
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Federalist
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Favored stronger national gov't and supported Constitution. Later became first political party.
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Anti-Federalist
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Favored strong state gov'ts and weak national gov't. Opposed ratification of the Constitution
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Federalist Papers
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85 political papers written by Jay, Hamilton, and Madison in favor of the Constitution.
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Reserve/Police Powers
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Powers reserved to the states by the 10th Amendment (related to taking care of one's citizens)
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Concurrent Powers
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Authority of state and nat'l gov'ts to exercise concurrently as long as power is not exclusively within the scope of national power or in conflict with national laws.
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Bill of Attainder
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Law Declaring an act illegal without a judicial trial
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Cooperative Federalism
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Relationship between state and national gov'ts - national government is stronger in times of crisis. System started during FDR's "New Deal"
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Sunshine Law
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Requires all government meetings and records to be open to the public
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Line-Item Veto
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Veto on financial portions of a bill - now illegal.
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Civil Liberties
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Personal Rights and freedoms that federal gov't may not take away
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Due Process Clause
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5th/14th Amendments
guarantees to individuals a variety of rights ranging from economic liberty to criminal procedural rights to protection from arbitrary governmental action |
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Substantive Due Process
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Judicial interpretation of the Due Process Clause that protects citizens from arbitrary or unjust laws
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Incorporation Doctrine
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Holds that the Due Process Clause applies to State and Local gov'ts in addition to national
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Selective Incorporation
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doctrine by which most - but not all - protections found in Bill of Rights are made applicable to states via 14th Amendment.
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Establishment Clause
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Prohibits national government from establishing a national religion
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Free Exercise Clause
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Prohibits US government from interfering with a citizen's right to practice his or her religion
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Prior Restraint
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Constitutional doctrine that prevents the government from prohibiting speech or publication before the fact.
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Clear and Present Danger Test
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Draws line between protected and unprotected speech. Looks to see "whether the words used..." could "create a clear and present danger that they will bring about substantive evils" that Congress seeks "to prevent."
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Direct Incitement
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Holds that advocacy of illegal action is protected by 1st Amendment unless imminent lawless action is intended and likely to occur.
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Libel
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False written statements or written statements tending to call someone's reputation into disrepute
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Slander
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Untrue spoken statements that defame the character of a person
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Symbolic Speech
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Symbols, signs, and other methods of expression generally also considered to be protected by Free Speech
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Due Process Rights
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Procedural guarantees for those accused of crimes. (4th, 5th, 6th, and 8th amendments)
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Miranda Rights
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Statements that must be made by the police informing a suspect of his or her constitutional rights protected by the 5th Amendment, including the right to an attorney provided by the court if the suspect cannot afford one.
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Exclusionary Rule
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Judicially created rule that prohibits police from using illegally seized evidence at trial
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Right to Privacy
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the right to be let alone; a judicially created doctrine encompassing an individual's decision to use birth control or secure an abortion
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Civil Rights
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Positive acts governments take to protect individuals against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by governments or individuals based on categories such as race, sex, national origin, age, or sexual orientation.
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Black Codes
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Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War
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Jim Crow Laws
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Laws enacted by southern states that discriminated against blacks by creating "whites only" schools, theaters, hotels, and other public accommodations
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Grandfather Clause
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Voting qualification provision that allowed only those whose grandfathers had voted before Reconstruction to vote unless they passed a wealth or literacy test
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Equal Protection Clause
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Section of 14th Amendment - guarantees all citizens to receive "equal protection of the laws"; has been used to bar discrimination against blacks and women
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Civil Rights act of 1964
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Legislation passed by Congress to outlaw segregation in public facilities and racial discrimination in employment, education, and voting; created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
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de jure discrimination
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Racial segregation that is a direct result of law or official policy
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de facto discrimination
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Racial discrimination that results from practice (such as housing patterns or other social factors) rather than the law
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Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
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Federal Agency created to enforce the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which forbids discrimination on the basis of race, creed, national origin, religion, or sex in hiring, promotion, or firing
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Equal Rights Amendment
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Proposed Amendment that would bar discrimination against women by federal or state governments
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Suspect Classification
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Category or class, such as race, that triggers the highest standard or scrutiny from the Supreme Court
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Strict Scrutiny
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A heightened standard of review used by the Supreme Court to determine the constitutional validity of a challenged practice
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Title IX
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Provision for the Education Amendments of 1972 that bars educational institutions receiving federal funds from discriminating against female students
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bicameral legislature
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legislature divided into two houses
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redistricting
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The redrawing of congressional districts to reflect increases or decreases in seats allotted to the states, as well as population shifts within a state
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Bill
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A proposed law
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Impeachment
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Power delegated to the House of Representatives in the Constitution to charge the president, vice president or other "civil officers" -including federal judges - with "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors." This is the first step in constitutional process of removing such government officials from office.
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Casework
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process of solving constituents' problems dealing with the bureaucracy
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Incumbency factor
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The fact that being in office helps a person stay in office because of a variety of benefits that go with the position
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Term Limits
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Restrictions that exist in some states about how long an individual may serve in state and/or local elected offices
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Trustee
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Role played by elected representatives who listen to constituents' opinions and then use their best judgment to make final decisions
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Delegate
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Role played by elected representatives who vote the way their constituents would want them to, regardless of their own opinions
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Politico
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Role played by elected representatives who act as trustees or delegates, depending on the issue
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Speaker of the House
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only officer of the House specifically mentioned in the Constitution; elected at the beginning of each new Congress by the entire House; traditionally a member of the majority party
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Majority Party
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Political Party in each house of Congress with the most members
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Minority Party
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Political Party in each house of Congress with the Second most members
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Party Caucus/Conference
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A formal gathering of all party members
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Majority Leader
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Elected leader of the party controlling the most seats in the House of Representatives or the Senate; is second in authority to the speaker of the House and in the Senate is regarded as its most powerful member
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Minority Leader
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Elected leader of the party from Minority Party in House or Senate
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Whip
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One of several representatives who keep close contact with all members and take "nose counts" on key votes, prepare summaries of bills, and in general act as communications links within the party.
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Standing Committee
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Permanent committees in Congress to which proposed bills are referred
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Conference Committees
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Joint committees created to iron out differences between Senate and House versions of a specific piece of legislation.
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Discharge Petition
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Petition that gives a majority of the House of Representatives the authority to bring an issue to the floor in the face of committee inaction
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Pork Barrel
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Legislation that allows representatives to "bring home the bacon" to their districts in the form of public works programs, military bases, or other programs designed to benefit their districts directly.
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Hold
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Tactic by which a senator asks to be informed before a particular bill is brought to the floor. This stops the bill from coming to the floor until the hold is removed
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Filibuster
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A formal way of halting action on a bill by means of long speeches or unlimited debate in the Senate
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Cloture
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Motion requiring 60 senators to cut off debate -> way of ending a filibuster
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Pocket Veto
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If Congress adjourns during the 10 days the president has to consider a bill passed by both houses of Congress, without the president's signature, the bill is considered vetoed.
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Divided Government
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The political condition in which different political parties control the White House and Congress
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Oversight
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Congressional review of the activities of an agency, department, or office
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Congressional Review
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The process by which Congress can nullify an executive branch regulation by a resolution jointly passed in both houses within sixty days of announcement of the regulation and accepted by the president.
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Legislative Veto
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A procedure by which one or both houses of Congress can disallow an act of the president by a simple majority vote; ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court
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War Powers Act
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Passed in 1973 - President is Limited in deployment of troops overseas to a 60-day period in peacetime unless Congress explicitly gives its approval for a longer period.
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Senatorial Courtesy
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A process by which presidents, when selecting district court judges, defer to the senators in whose state the vacancy occurs
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Articles of Impeachment
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The specific charges brought against a president or federal judge by the House
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Cabinet
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The formal body of presidential advisers who head the fourteen executive departments. Presidents often add others to this body of formal advisors
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Executive Agreement
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Formal Government agreement entered into by the executive branch that does not require the advice and consent of the Senate
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Veto Power
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The formal, constitutional authority of the president to reject bills passed by both houses of Congress, thus preventing their becoming law without further congressional action
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Pardon
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An executive grant providing restoration of all rights and privileges of citizenship to a specific individual charged or convicted of a crime.
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Inherent Powers
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Powers of the president that can be derived or inferred from specific powers in the Constitution
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Stewardship Theory
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Theory that holds that Article II confers on the president the power and the duty to take whatever actions are deemed necessary in the national interest, unless prohibited by the Constitution or law
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Taftian Theory
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A Theory that holds that the president is limited by the specific grants of executive power found in the Constitution
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Executive Office of the President (EOP)
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Establishment created in 1939 to help the president oversee the bureaucracy
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Presidentialist
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One who believes that Article II's grant of executive power is a broad grant of authority allowing a president wide discretionary powers
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Congressionalist
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One who believes that Article II's provision that the president should ensure "faithful execution of the laws" should be read as an injunction against substituting presidential authority for legislative intent.
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Executive Order
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A rule or regulation issued by the president that has the effect of the law. All executive orders must be published in the "Federal Register"
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Patronage
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Jobs, grants, or other special favors that are given as rewards to friends and political allies for their support
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Executive Privilege
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An assertion of presidential power that reasons that the president can withhold information requested by the courts in matters relating to his office
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Bureaucracy
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A set of complex hierarchical departments, agencies, commissions, and their staffs that exist to help a chief executive officer carry out his or her duty to enforce the law.
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Spoils System
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The firing of public-office holders of a defeated political party and their replacement with loyalists of the newly elected party
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Pendleton Act
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Reform measure that created the Civil Service Commission to administer a partial-merit system. The act classified the federal service by grades, to which appointments were made based on the results of a competitive examination. It made it illegal for federal appointees to be required to contribute to a particular political party.
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Civil Service System
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The system created by civil service laws by which many appointments to the federal bureaucracy are made.
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Merit System
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The system by which federal civil service jobs are classified into grades or levels, to which appointments are made on the basis of performance on competitive examinations.
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Independent Regulatory Commission
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An agency created by Congress that is generally concerned with a specific aspect of the economy
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Departments
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Major administrative units with responsibility for a broad area of governmental operations. Departmental status usually indicates a permanent national interest in that particular governmental function, such as defense, commerce, or agriculture.
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Clientele Agencies
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Executive departments directed by law to foster and promote the interests of a specific segment or group in the US population (such as the Department of Education)
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Government Corporations
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Businesses established by Congress that perform functions that could be provided by private businesses. (like the US Postal Service)
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Independent Executive Agencies
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Governmental units that closely resemble a Cabinet department but have a narrower area of responsibility (such as the CIA) and are not part of any Cabinet Department
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Hatch Act
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Law enacted in 1939 to prohibit civil servants from taking activist roles in partisan campaigns. This act prohibited federal employees from making political contributions, working for a particular party, or compaigning for a particular candidate
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Federal Employees Political Activities Act
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1993 liberalization of the Hatch Act. Federal employees are now allowed to run for office in nonpartisan elections and to contribute money to campaigns in partisan elections
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Implementation
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The process by which a law or policy is put into operation by the bureaucracy
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Iron Triangles
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The relatively stable relationships and patterns of interaction that occur among an agency, interest groups, and congressional committees or subcommittees
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Issue Networks
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The loose and informal relationships that exist among a large number of actors who work in broad policy areas
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Interagency councils
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Working groups created to facilitate coordination of policy making and implementation across a host of governmental agencies.
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Administrative Discretion
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The ability of bureaucrats to make choices concerning the best way to implement congressional intentions
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regulations
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Rules that govern the operation of a particular government program that have the force of law
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Administrative Adjudication
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A quasi-judicial process in which a bureaucratic agency settles disputes between two parties in a manner similar to the way courts resolve disputes
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Judicial Review
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The power of the courts to review acts of other branches of government and the states
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Judiciary Act of 1789
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Established the basic 3-tiered structure of the federal courts system
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Trial Court
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Court of original jurisdiction where a case begins
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Appellate court
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Court that generally reviews only findings of law made by lower courts
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Jurisdiction
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Authority vested in a particular court to hear and decide the issues in any particular case
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Original Jurisdiction
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The jurisdiction of courts that hear a case first, usually in a trial. Courts determine the facts of a case under their original jurisdiction
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Appellate jurisdiction
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The power vested in an appellate court to review and/or revise the decision of a lower court
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Criminal Law
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Codes of behaviour related to the protection of property and individual safety.
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civil law
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Codes of behaviour related to business and contractual relationships between groups and individuals
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constitutional courts
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federal courts specifically created by the US Constitution or by Congress pursuant to its authority in Article III
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Legislative Courts
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Courts established by Congress for specialized purposes, such as the Court of Military Appeals
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brief
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A document containing the legal written arguments in a case filed with a court by a party prior to a hearing or trial
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Precedent
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prior judicial decision that serves as a rule for settling subsequent cases of a similar nature
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stare decisis
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In court rulings, a reliance on past decisions or precedents to formulate decisions in new cases
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Strict Constructionist
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An approach to constitutional interpretation that emphasizes the Framers' original intentions
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Writ of certiorari
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A request for the Court to order up the records from a lower court to review the case
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In forma pauperis
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Literally, "as a pauper"; a way for an indigent or poor person to appeal a case to the Supreme Court
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Rule of Four
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At least 4 justices of the Supreme Court must vote to consider a case before it can be heard
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amicus curiae
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"Friend of the Court"; a third party to a lawsuit who files a legal brief for the purpose of raising additional points of view in an attempt to influence a court's decision.
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Solicitor General
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4th-ranking member of the Dept. of Justice; responsible for handling all appeals on behalf of the US gov't to the Supreme Court
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Judicial Restraint
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A philosophy of judicial decision making that argues courts should allow the decisions of other branches of government to stand, even when they offend a judge's own sense of principles.
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judicial activism
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A philosophy of judicial decision making that argues judges should use their power broadly to further justice, especially in the areas of equality and personal liberty
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Judicial Implementation
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Refers to how and whether judicial decisions are translated into actual public policies affecting more than the immediate parties to a lawsuit
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Public Opinion
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What the public thinks about a particular issues or set of issues at any point in time
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Public Opinion Polls
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Interviews or surveys with samples of citizens that are used to estimate the feelings and beliefs of the entire population
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Straw Polls
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Unscientific surveys used to gauge public opinion on a variety of issues and policies
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Political Socialization
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The process through which an individual acquires particular political orientations; the learning process by which people acquire their political beliefs and values.
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Random Sampling
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A method of poll selection that gives each person in a group the same chance of being selected
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Stratified Sampling
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A variation of random sampling; census data are used to divide a country into four sampling regions. Sets of counties and standard metropolitan statistical areas are then randomly selected in proportion to the total national population
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Push Polls
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"Polls" taken for the purpose of providing information on an opponent that would lead respondents to vote against that candidate
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Push Polls
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"Polls" taken for the purpose of providing information on an opponent that would lead respondents to vote against that candidate
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Tracking Polls
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Continuous surveys that enable a campaign to chart its daily rise or fall in support
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Exit Polls
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Polls conducted at selected polling places on Election Day
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Sampling Error or margin of error
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A measure of the accuracy of a public opinion poll
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Political Party
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A group of office holders, candidates, activists, and voters who identify with a group label and seek to elect to public office individuals who run under that label.
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Governmental party
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the Office holders and candidates who run under a political party's banner
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Organizational Party
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The workers and activists who staff the party's formal organization
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Party in the electorate
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The voters who consider themselves allied or associated with the party
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Machine
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A party organization that recruits its members with tangible incentives and is characterized by a high degree of control over member activity
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Direct Primary
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The selection of party candidates through the ballots of qualified voters rather than at party nomination conventions
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Civil Service Laws
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These acts removed the staffing of the bureaucracy from political parties and created a professional bureaucracy filled through competition
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Issue-Oriented Politics
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Politics that focuses on specific issues rather than on party, candidate, or other loyalties
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Ticket-Split
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To vote for candidates of different parties for various offices in the same election
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Political consultant
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Professional who manages campaigns and political advertisements for political candidates
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Coalition
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A group of interests or organizations that join forces for the purpose of electing public officials
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National Party Platform
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A statement of the general and specific philosophy and policy goals of a political party, usually promulgated at the national convention
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National Convention
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A party conclave (meeting) held in the presidential election year for the purposes of nominating a presidential and vice presidential ticket and adopting a platform
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Coattail Effect
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The tendency of lesser-known or weaker candidates lower on the ballot to profit in an election by the presence on the party's ticket of a more popular candidate
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Party Identification
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A citizen's personal affinity for a political party, usually expressed by his or her tendency to vote for the candidates of that party
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One-Partyism
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A political system in which one party dominates and wins virtually all contests
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Third-Partyism
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The tendency of 3rd parties to arise with some regularity in a nominally 2-party system
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Proportional Representation
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A voting system that apportions legislative seats according to the percentage of the vote won by a particular political party
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Dualist Theory
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The theory that there has always been an underlying binary party nature to US politics
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Electorate
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Citizens eligible to vote
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Mandate
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A command, indicated by an electorate's votes, for the elected officials to carry out their platforms
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Retrospective Judgment
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A voter's evaluation of the performance of the party in power
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Prospective Judgment
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A voter's evaluation of a candidate based on what he or she pledges to do about an issue if elected
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Primary Election
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Election in which voters decide which of the candidates within a party will represent the party in the general election
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Closed primary
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A primary election in which only a party's registered voters are eligible to vote
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Open Primary
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A primary in which party members, independents, and sometimes members of the other party are allowed to vote
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Crossover voting
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Participation in the primary of a party with which the voter is not affiliated
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Raiding
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An organized attempt by voters of one party to influence the primary results of the other party
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Blanket Primary
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A primary in which voters may cast ballots in either party's primary (but not both) on an office-by-office basis
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Runoff Primary
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A second primary election between the 2 candidates receiving the greatest number of votes in the first primary
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Nonpartisan Primary
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A primary used to select candidates regardless of party affiliation
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General Election
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Election in which voters decide which candidates will actually fill elective public offices
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Initiative
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A process that allows citizens to propose legislation and submit it to the state electorate for public vote
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Referendum
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A procedure whereby the state legislature submits proposed legislation to the state's voters for approval
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Recall
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Removal of an incumbent from office by popular vote
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Regional Primary
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A proposed system in which the country would be divided into five or six geographic areas and all states in each region would hold their presidential primary on the same day
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Front-Loading
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The tendency of states to choose an early date on the primary calendar
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Unit Rule
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A traditional party practice under which the majority of a state delegation can force the minority to vote for its candidate
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Superdelegate
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Delegate slot to the Democratic Party's national convention that is reserved for an elected party official
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Electoral College
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Representatives of each state who cast the final ballots that actually elect a president
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Elector
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Member of the electoral college chosen by methods determined in each state
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Party Realignment
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A shifting of party coalition groupings in the electorate that remains in place for several elections
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Critical Election
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An election that signals a party realignment through voter polarization around new issues
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Secular Realignment
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The gradual rearrangement of party coalitions, based more on demographic shifts than on shocks to the political system
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Incumbency
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The condition of already holding elected office
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Redistricting
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The redrawing of congressional districts to reflect increases or decreases in seats alloted to the states, as well as population shifts within a state.
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Gerrymandering
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The legislative process through which the majority party in each statehouse tries to assure that the maximum number of representatives from its political party can be elected to Congress through the redrawing of legislative districts
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Midterm Election
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Election that takes place in the middle of a presidential term
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Turnout
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The proportion of the voting-age public that votes
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Nomination Campaign
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That part of a political campaign aimed at winning a primary election
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general election campaign
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That part of a political campaign aimed at winning a general election
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Personal Campaign
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That part of a political campaign concerned with presenting the candidate's public image
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Organizational Campaign
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That part of a political campaign involved in fund-raising, literature distribution, and all other activities not directly involving the candidate.
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Media Campaign
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That part of a political campaign waged in the broadcast and print media
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Yellow Journalism
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A form of newspaper publishing in vogue in the late-nineteenth century that featured pictures, comics, color, and sensationalized, oversimplified news coverage
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Muckraking
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A form of newspaper publishing, in vogue in the early twentieth century, concerned with reforming gov't and business conduct
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Print Press
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The traditional form of mass media, comprising newspapers, magazines, and journals
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Electronic Media
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The broadcast media, including television, radio, computerized information services, and the Internet
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Network
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An association of broadcast stations (radio or television) that share programming through a financial arrangement
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Affiliates
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Local television stations that carry the programming of a national network
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Wire Service
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An electronic delivery of news gathered by the news service's correspondents and sent to all member news media organizations
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press release
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A document offering an official comment or position
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Press briefing
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A relatively restricted session between a press secretary or aide and the press
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Press Conference
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An unrestricted session between an elected official and the press
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Media Effects
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The influence of news sources on public opinion
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On background
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A term for when sources are not specifically named in a news story
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Deep background
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Information gathered for news stories that must be completely unsourced
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Off the Record
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Term applied to information gathered from a news story that cannot be used at all
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On the record
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Term applied to information gathered for a news story that can be cited
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Content Regulation
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Governmental attempts to regulate the electronic media
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Equal Time Rule
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The rule that requires broadcast stations to sell campaign air time equally to all candidates if they choose to sell to any
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Fairness Doctrine
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Rule in effect from 1949-1985 requiring broadcasters to cover events adequately and to present contrasting views on important public issues
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