Gov 310L Baek Test #2

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10th Amendment

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"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people."
*Last amendment in the Bill of Rights
*Daily life/ Regulation of the economy/ State issues
*Police powers

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527 groups

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A tax exempt organization, not regulated by the FEC, created primarily to influence the nomination, election, appointment or defeat of candidates for public office. On September 18, 2009 the Washington D.C Federal Appeals Court ruled that these groups have a First Amendment right to raise and spend freely to influence elections so long as they do not coordinate their activities with a candidate or a party.

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Bill of Rights

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First 10 amendments to the US constitution (1791)
helped to secure ratification of the Constitution/Thomas Jefferson was a supporter of the Bill of Rights
*Designed to win approval from states who would have to ratify
*Key provisions (among many others)
-- Freedom of Speech, religion (Amendment I)
-- Right to bear arms (Amendment II)
-- Protection from unreasonable search and seizures (Amendment IV)

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Block grants

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A large sum of money granted to a state government by the federal government
-- Little or no constraints on how it is used to achieve broad goals
(New Federalism)

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Categorical grants

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A large sum of money granted to a state government by the federal government
-- With specific recommendations for who it should be used
ex) The War on Poverty, Food stamps, Medicaid, AFDC- Project grants

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Dealignment

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Part of the 6th Party system
a. Fewer party identifiers
b. More Independents or Independent leaners
c. Split ticket Voting
d. Controversial

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Dillon's Rule

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Legal doctrine that local governments are mere creatures of the state

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Divided government

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Said to exist when a single party does not control the presidency and both houses of Congress.

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Dual federalism v. cooperative federalism

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Dual Federalism (1789 to 1937): Layer-cake federalism-Each federal and state government had certain powers and most fundamental powers were shared
Cooperative Federalism (1937-present): Marble cake federalism-Governments work together(Some federal, state, local) to achieve policy goals
-- Expansion of the national government: the New Deal
-- Spending clause (The government can tax)

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Duverger’s Law

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a principle which asserts that a plurality rule election system tends to favor a two-party system.

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Realignment

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transition period, where one party supplants another as the dominant in a political system
* critical event in the Evolution of the US Party System

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Critical elections

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signaling an enduring realignment of the electorate, marked by a significant shift in voting patterns
* Important event in the evolution of the U.S. party system

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Dual sovereignty

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A theory of federalism saying that both the national and state governments have final authority over their own policy domains.

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Duverger's Law

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a principle which asserts that a plurality rule election system tends to favor a two-party system.

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Federalism v. unitary government v. confederate system

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Unitary - All powers are concentrated in the Central Government, States do what the central government tells them to do.

Confederate - Central government only has powers delegated to it by the states. Each state has power over matters that concern it.

Federal - Central government has all powers concerning national affairs such as war. States have power over matters that concern that state.

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Federalist 10

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James Madison: Arguing to ratify the constitution
"Dangers of factions"
Jurists have frequently read No. 10 to mean that the Founding Fathers did not intend the United States government to be partisan.

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Federalist 51

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James Madison: Arguing to ratify the constitution
"Ambition must be made to counteract ambition."
Talks about separation of powers

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Free-rider problem

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Problem that arises when people can enjoy the benefits of group activity without bearing any of the costs.
Solution: Government
-- Coercion
-- Selective Benefits
-- Social movements
-- Patrons & Political Entrepreneurs

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Full Faith and Credit Clause

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Article IV, Section 1 of the United States Constitution, addresses the duties that states within the United States have to respect the "public acts, records, and judicial proceedings" of other states

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Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

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-Use of the Supremacy Clause
-Commerce: Buying, selling, interchanging of commodities AND navigation among states

According to the state of New York, Ogden couldn't navigate his boat in a certain area of NY, but Gibbons, a resident of NY, could. Ogden appealed saying that the state was violating the commerce clause and won because of supremacy.

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Iron triangles (Subgovernments)

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Subgovernment: Alliance of a congressional committee, an executive agency, and a small number of allied interest groups that combine to dominate policy making in some specified policy area.
-- called "iron triangles" in recognition of the difficulty faced by outsiders who wished to break into the cozy relationship uniting legislative committees, executive agencies, and interest groups

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Issue network

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A loose collection of interest groups, politicians, bureaucrats, and policy experts who have a particular interest in or responsibility for a policy area

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Issue network

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A loose collection of interest groups, politicians, bureaucrats, and policy experts who have a particular interest in or responsibility for a policy area

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Issue Networks

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A loose collection of interest groups, politicians, bureaucrats, and policy experts who have a particular interest in or responsibility for a policy area

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Lobbying

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interest-group activities intended to influence directly the decisions that public officials make

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McCulloch v. Maryland

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•Controversy over the 2ndBank of the US
1. Does the US Congress have the power to charter a National Bank? Yes. Necessary and Proper Clause (the Elastic Clause)
2. Does the state of Maryland have the right to tax that bank?No. Supremacy Clause
•Ruling: State tax on the National Bank is illegal.
•Major significance:Establishes implied powers, Establishes national supremacy, Broadly strengthens federal government.

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Necessary and proper clause

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Constitutional clause that gives Congress the power to take all actions that are "necessary and proper" to the carrying out of its delegated powers. Also known as the elastic clause.

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New Deal coalition

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the alignment of interest groups and voting blocs that supported the New Deal and voted for Democratic presidential candidates from 1932 until approximately 1968
Franklin D. Roosevelt created a coalition that included the Democratic party, big city machines, labor unions, minorities (racial, ethnic and religious), liberal farm groups, intellectuals, and the white South

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NLRB v. Joans & Laughlin Steel Corp. (1937)

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*declared that the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (commonly known as the Wagner Act) was constitutional
*effectively spelled the end to the Court's striking down of New Deal economic legislation, and greatly increased Congress's power under the Commerce Clause.

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Party identification

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A person's subjective feeling of affiliation with a party.

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Pluralism

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A school of thought holding that politics is the clash of groups that represent all important interests in society and that check and balance each other.

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Political Action Committees (PACs)

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Specialized organization for raising and contributing campaign funds

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Political machine

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A highly organized party under the control of a boss, and based on patronage and control of government activities. Machines were common in many cities in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

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Prisoner's dilemma

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If there are two prisoners: prisoner A and prisoner B, and one of them betrays the other, but the other stays silent, the one that betrays goes free, while the one that remains silent serves 6 months in prison. If both betray, however, they both serve 6 months, and if both stay silent, they both serve 6 months.

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Slavery Compromise (3/5th Compromise)

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a compromise between Southern and Northern states reached during the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 in which three-fifths of the population of slaves would be counted for enumeration purposes regarding both the distribution of taxes and the apportionment of the members of the United States House of Representatives.

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Public (collective) goods

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goods enjoyed simultaneously by a group, as opposed to a private good that must be divided up to be shared

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Realignment

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Occurs when the pattern of group support for political parties shifts in a significant and lasting way.

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Separation of powers

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A system of government in which different institutions exercise different components of governmental power

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Shay's rebellion

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Uprising in western Massachusetts in 1786 led by Revolutionary War captain Daniel Shays

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spending clause

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Constitutional provision that gives Congress the power to collect taxes to provide for the general welfare

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Split ticket voting

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Split-ticket is when you vote for candidates from different parties in the same election.

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Grants-in-aid

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Grants given to the states on the condition that federal grants are used on federally predetermined purpose

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Unfunded mandates

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Federal regulations that impose burdens on state and local governments without appropriating enough money to cover costs

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Supremacy clause

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Constitutional provision that says the laws of the national government "shall be the supreme Law of the Land."

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Boston Tea Party

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"No taxation without Representation"
1773
*a nighttime foray in which protesters disguised as American Indians dumped chests of tea into the city's harbor. It resulted in the first continental congress being held

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Expressed v. implied powers

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The expressed powers of Congress are listed in the Constitution. Congress also has implied powers, which are based on the Constitution's right to make any laws that are "necessary and proper" to carry out those expressed powers

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The Declaration of Independence

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Document signed in 1776 declaring the United States to be a country independent of Great Britain.

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The “Solid Democratic South” (1876 election)

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Solid South refers to the electoral support of the Southern United States for the Democratic Party candidates for nearly a century from 1877, the end of the Reconstruction, to 1964, during the middle of the Civil Rights era.

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U.S. v. Lopez (1995)

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nited States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549 (1995) was the first United States Supreme Court case since the Great Depression to set limits to Congress's power under the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution.

Holding: Possession of a gun near school is not an economic activity that has a substantial effect on interstate commerce. A law prohibiting guns near schools is a criminal statute that does not relate to commerce or any sort of economic activity.

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U.S. v. Morrison (2000)

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a United States Supreme Court decision which held that parts of the Violence Against Women Act of 1994 were unconstitutional because they exceeded congressional power under the Commerce Clause and under section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution.

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Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918)

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a United States Supreme Court decision involving the power of Congress to enact child labor laws.

Holding: Congress has no power under the Commerce Clause to regulate labor conditions.

*Progressive Era

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Pluralism

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A school of thought holding that politics is the clash of groups that represent all important interests in society and that check and balance each other.