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145 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Pairs of cranial nerves |
12 |
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Pairs of spinal nerves |
31 |
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Fatty tissue covering axon |
Myelin sheath |
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Membranous sheath outside of myelin sheath |
Neurolemma |
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Communication and control center of the body, response are both involuntary and voluntary actions |
Brain |
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Protection for the brain, rigid bone; also the meninges and the CSF fluid |
Skull |
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Composition: Dura mater, Subdural space, Arachnoid, Subarachnoid space, Arachnoid villi, Pia mater |
Meninges |
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Provides a cushion for the brain and the spinal cord |
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
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Protective mechanism, limits the passage of potentially damaging materials into the brain and controls the delicate but essential balance of electrolytes, glucose, and proteins in the brain |
Blood-brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier |
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Make up the largest portions of the brain. Outer surface is covered by gyri or sulci. Each hemisphere has 4 major lobes. Right hemisphere and left hemisphere are similar in structure but not function. |
Cerebral Hemispheres |
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Frontal lobe, Parietal lobe, Occipital lobe, Temporal lobe, Cerebellum, Medulla oblongata, Hypothalamus, Thalamus, Basal nuclei, Reticular activating system, Limbic system |
Major functional areas of the brain |
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Central portion of the brain, contains the thalamus, the hypothalamus, and theepithalamus |
Diencephalon |
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Inferior portion of the brain, is the connecting link to the spinal cord. Contains the reticular formation which is a network of nuclei and neurons |
Brain stem |
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Located dorsal to the pons and medulla, below the occipital lobe Functions to coordinate movement and maintain posture and equilibrium |
Cerebellum |
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12 pairs, originate from the brain stem and pass through the foramina in the skull to serve structures in the head and neck |
Cranial nerves |
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Review table 14-3; Nerve number and name and function |
Example: Cranial nerve I is olfactory – smell Cranial nerve III is Oculomotor – function is movement of eyes and eyelids |
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31 pairs of nerves emerge from the spinal cord |
Spinal nerves |
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Grouped as Cranial, Respiration, Sympathetic, and parasympathetic |
Spinal nerves |
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Automatic, rapid, involuntary responses to stimulus |
Reflexes |
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Also termed nerve cells, highly specialized, nonmitotic cells that conductimpulses throughout the CNS |
Neurons |
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Found in body, some examples Ach, Norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, histamine |
Neurotransmitters |
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Incorporates the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Provides motor and sensory innervation to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands |
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS |
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Increases the general activity level in the body increasing CV, respiratory, and neurologic functions. |
Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) or thoracolumbar nervous system |
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Necessary for stress response. |
SNS |
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Dominates the digestive system and aids in the recovery of the body after sympathetic activity. |
Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) or carniosacral nervous system |
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Signs related to the specific area of the brain or spinal cord in whicha lesion is located |
Local Effects |
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Occur in the cerebral hemispheres above the tentoriumcerebelli |
Supratentorial Lesions |
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Located in the brain stem or below the tentorium |
Infratentorial lesion |
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Damage can present as loss of logical thinking, analytical skills, and/or communication skills. |
Left Hemisphere of brain |
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Damage can present as impaired appreciation of music/art and behavioral problems |
Right Hemisphere of brain |
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Glasgow Coma Scale – figure 14-5 Used in medical assessment |
Level of Consciousness |
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Refers to a condition in which an individual with brain damage is aware and capable of thinking but is unable to communicate and/or move. |
Locked-in syndrome |
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Contralateral effect is determined by crossover of thecorticospinal tracts in the medulla |
Motor dysfunction |
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Specific site of damage determines the deficit |
Sensory Deficits |
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Loss of the visual field depends on the site of damage in the visual pathway |
Visual loss |
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Aphasia refers to an inability to comprehend or to express language |
Language Disorders |
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Expressive, receptive, and global |
Main types of aphasia |
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Results from sudden, explosive, disorderly discharge of cerebralneurons and is characterized by a sudden, transient alteration in brain function withmotor, sensory, autonomic & psychic clinical manifestations often including the jerkyconvulsions so well characterized in the movies |
Grand mal seizure |
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Often with only jerky move of only a part of thebody. Sometimes no movement occurs but only an altered state of consciousnessprevails for a few minutes. |
Partial seizure |
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Seizures that recur spontaneously without evidence of areversible metabolic cause. |
Epilepsy |
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Focal in origin; they affect only onepart of the brain. |
Partial seizures |
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Non-focal in origin and may affect the entire brain. |
Generalized seizures |
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Seizures that don't stop spontaneously or occur in succession without recovery. These can be especially lethal. |
Status epilepticus |
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Signs – severe headache, vomiting, papilledema, pupil being fixed and dilated,ptosis |
Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP) |
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Increase ICP because of space constraints within the skull |
Brain Tumors |
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Largest category of primary malignanttumors |
Gliomas |
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Pathophysiology – do not usually have well-defined margins but are invasive and have irregular projections into adjacent tissue |
Primary malignant brain tumors |
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Major cause of death in theelderly |
Cerebrovascular Accidents (CVA’s or strokes) |
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Often a person about to have a CVA will havepremonitory symptoms of momentary neurological deficits. |
Transient ischemicattack (TIA) |
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Pathophysiology – infarction of brain tissue that results from lack of blood. |
CVA |
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Three common categories – occlusion of an artery by an atheroma, a sudden obstruction caused by an embolus lodging in a cerebral artery, intracerebral hemorrhage, usually caused by rupture of a cerebral artery. |
y.
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Signs/symptoms: Intermittent short episodes of impaired function, numbness, paresthesia, aphasia,confusion. |
TIA |
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Epidural, subdural, subarachnoid, intracerebralhematoma |
Types of hematomas/hemorrhages |
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Hydrocephalus, spina bifida, and cerebral palsy |
Congenital neurological disorders |
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Communicating and noncommunicating |
Two types of Hydrocephalus |
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Group of neural tube defects, 3 common types |
Spina Bifida –spina bifida occulta, meningocele, myelomeningocele |
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Group of disorders marked by some degree of motor impairment |
Cerebral Palsy |
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Condition that results in the coverings of nerves (like the insulation on wires andcalled myelin) eroding away resulting in damage to underlying structures. |
Demyelination Disorders |
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Chronic and episodic demyelination disorder |
Multiple Sclerosis. |
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Acute, one-time illnessesdemyelination disorderlike where a motor nerve paralysis begins in the lowerextremities and then works its way up the body |
Guillian-Barre Syndrome |
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Degeneration of specific basal ganglia of the brain (the substantia nigra of the mid-brain) resulting inthe depletion of dopamine |
Parkinson’s disease |
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Vascular dementia, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and AIDS dementia, ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis),Myasthenia Gravis, Huntington Disease. |
Other forms of degenerative disorders |
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Schizophrenia, Depression, and Panic Disorder |
Mental disorders |
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Myopia, hyperopia, presbyopia, astigmatism, strabismus,nystagmus, and diplopia. |
Eye structural defects |
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Conjunctivitis, trachoma, keratitis |
Eye infections |
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Results from increased intraocular pressure (IOP). |
Glaucom |
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Chronic condition of the eyeball caused by increased pressure within the eyeball resulting in progressive damage to its structures and vision |
Glaucoma |
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Broadlyclassified as narrow angle (angle-closure) and wide-angle (open-angle) |
Glaucoma |
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Acute problem when the retina tears away from the underlyingchoroid. |
Detached retina |
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Opacity or clouding of the crystalline lens of the eye or its surroundingmembrane. |
Cataract |
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Extra-capsular cataract extraction (ECCE)or Intra-capsular cataract extraction (ICCE). |
Cataract surgery |
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Most common type of cataract surgery |
ECCE, which is extraction of lens with posterior capsule remaining in place |
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ICCE |
Extraction of the lens with its anterior and posterior capsule in place |
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Light-sensing cells of the maculastop functioning causing the symptom of reduced or lost retinal cells in thefovea centralis (the center of the visual field) and retention of peripheral vision. |
Macular Degeneration |
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Dry and wet |
Two types of macular degeneration |
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Yellowishspots of fatty deposits termed drusen, which appear on the macula; thisresults when the vascular and support cells of the retina atrophy. |
Dry form of macular degeneration |
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Leakage into the retina from newly formed blood vessels in the choroid, located behind the retina. |
Wet form of macular degeneration |
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Wet MD - in which blood vessels of the choroid proliferate is called
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Choroidal neovascularization |
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Technique used by ophthalmologists to control theleakage of the blood vessels. |
Laser photocoagulation |
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Use electrical impulses to stimulate auditory nerve fibers with thegoal to improve hearing loss. |
Cochlear Implants |
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Ear Infections – inflammation or infection of the middle ear cavity |
Otitis Media |
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Ear Infections - swimmer’s ear, an infection of the external auditory canal and pinna. |
Otitis Externa |
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Chronic disorders of ear - imbalance in bone formation and resorption |
Otosclerosis |
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Chronic disorders of ear - inner ear or labyrinth disorders |
Meniere’s syndrome |
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Meninges - Outer layer (closest to the bone) |
Dura mater |
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Meninges - Below dura mater |
Subdural space |
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Meninges - Middle layer |
Arachnoid |
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Meninges - Contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
Subarachnoid space |
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Meninges - Adheres to the surface of the brain |
Pia mater |
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Similar to plasma in appearance, different electrolyte, glucose, protein concentrations |
Cerebrospinal Fluid |
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Formed constantly by choroid plexuses of the ventricles |
Cerebrospinal Fluid |
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Flows though ventricles into subarachnoid space |
Cerebrospinal Fluid |
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Equal amounts need to be produced and reabsorbed to maintain intracranial pressure (ICP). |
Cerebrospinal Fluid |
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Located at the choroid plexus, controls constituents of CSF |
Blood-CSF barrier |
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At capillaries in the brain, Limits passage of materials into the brain |
Blood-brain barrier |
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Controls balance of electrolytes, glucose, and proteins in the brain, Lipid-soluble substances can easily pass, Poorly developed in neonates |
Blood-brain barrier |
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In brain - nerve cell bodies |
Cortex “Gray matter” |
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In brain - myelinated nerve bundles (tracts) |
Corpus callosum “White matter” (connects the hemispheres) |
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Five major lobes of each hemisphere |
Prefrontal, frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes |
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Side of brain that controls language, Left hemisphere in most people |
Dominant hemisphere |
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Motor or expressive speech area |
Broca’s area |
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Integration center, Comprehends language received |
Wernicke’s area |
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Venous blood from brain collects here, drains into the right and left internal jugular veins |
Dural sinuses |
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May contain: Motor fibers only, Sensory fibers only, Both motor and sensory fibers (mixed nerve) |
Cranial nerves |
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Continuous with medulla oblongata |
Spinal cord |
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Ends at lower border of the first lumbar vertebra, as bundle of nerve roots—cauda equina |
Spinal cord |
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Gray matter - Anterior horns |
Cell bodies of motor neurons |
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Gray matter - Posterior horns |
Interneurons (association neurons) |
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Gray matter - Lateral horns |
Visceral motor neurons |
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Spinal nerves - Ventral (anterior) root |
Motor (efferent) fibers |
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Spinal nerves - Dorsal (posterior) root |
Sensory (afferent) fibers |
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Require glucose and oxygen for metabolism |
Neurons |
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In the PNS, myelin sheaths |
Formed by Schwann cells |
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In the CNS, myelin sheaths |
Formed by oligodendrocyte |
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Glial cells (neuroglia)—supportive cells: Contribute to the blood-brain barrier |
Astroglia |
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Glial cells (neuroglia)—supportive cells: Provides myelin for axons in the CNS |
Oligodendroglia |
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Glial cells (neuroglia)—supportive cells: Phagocytotic |
Microglia |
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Glial cells (neuroglia)—supportive cells - Line brain ventricles and neural tube cavityForm part of the choroid plexus |
Ependymal cells |
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Saltatory conduction—rapid conduction |
Myelinated fibers |
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ANS - fibers: In brain or spinal cord |
Preganglionic |
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ANS - fibers: Outside the CNS |
Postganglionic fibers |
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ANS Neurotransmitters: Preganglionic |
acetylcholine |
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ANS Neurotransmitters: Postganglionic |
norepinephrine |
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PNS Neurotransmitters: |
Acetylcholine—both presynaptic and postsynaptic |
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PNS Receptors |
Nicotinic and muscarinic |
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Interference with voluntary movements, Weakness or paralysis on the contralateral side of the body |
Damage to upper motor neurons |
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Weakness or paralysis on the same side of the body, At and below the level of spinal cord damage |
Damage to lower motor neurons |
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Decorticate and decerebrate posturing |
Severe brain damage |
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Vision lost in both eyes if chiasm is totally destroyed |
Optic chiasm damage |
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Loss of the visual field on side opposite to that of the damage |
Optic tract or occipital lobe damage |
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Inability to comprehend or express language |
Aphasia |
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Motor dysfunction affecting muscles used in speech |
Dysarthria |
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Associated with damage to Wernicke’s area |
Fluent aphasia |
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Associated with damage to Broca’s area |
Non-fluent aphasia |
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Caused by increased ICP and swelling of the optic disc |
Papilledema |
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Infections in children and young adults, commonly caused by |
Neisseria meningitidis or meningococci |
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Infections in neonates - Most common causative organism |
Escherichia coli |
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Infections in young children - Most often caused by |
Haemophilus influenzae |
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Infections in older adults - Most often caused by |
Streptococcus pneumoniae |
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Western equine encephalitis |
Arboviral infection |
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West Nile fever |
Caused by a flavivirus |
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Neuroborreliosis |
Lyme disease |
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Autoantibodies to acetylcholine (ACh) receptors form. |
Myesthenia gravis |
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Inherited disease, Autosomal dominant gene, Carried on chromosome 4 |
Huntington's disease |
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Progressive atrophy of brain, particularly in basal ganglia (nuclei) and frontal cortex |
Huntington's disease |