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126 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What was Liberation Theology?
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Liberation Theology was the ideas of the church wanting to set people free. There were any preists in the 1960s that wanted to feed the hungry, clothes the naked, teach the ignorant and put into practice brotherly love, they achieved this by using teachings to undermine the patterns of hierarchy and hegemony. They were very similar to communism.
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What is the Alliance for Progress?
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Established to start economic cooperation between North and South America, wanted to counter communist threat from Cuba. Wanted to implement democratic governments, price stability, more equitable land distribution and economic and social planning.
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What is the National Security Doctrine?
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This was an anti-communist alliance, the LA ared forces are key US allies in defense of the "free world" and counterinsurgencyis their role. The US handles commies from the outside and the LA handle commies fro the inside (revolutional organizers in factories and universities). Cuban Revolution was a huge call to battle stations by the Doctrine, people believed that because of Cuba, the alliance was running out of steam
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What are Neo-Liberal Reforms?
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The Neoliberal reforms were started by people like the Chicago Boys in Chile, they implemented free trade, export production, COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE (export more than you import) all of these were encouraged by the US Government.
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Who was Nelson Rockefeller?
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Huge oil tycoon who loved art. His oil was affected by expropriation, but he had a huge interest in LA art, and commissioned Rivera to paint a mural for him (which he tore down). Wanted to have a propaganda war with the Natzi's in LA and FDR agreed by asking the OCIAA and asking him the first office director.
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What was the Office for the Coordination of Inter-American Affairs for?
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This was used to strengthen bonds between nations in LA, by having a propaganda war with the Natzi's, Nelson Rockefeller was the first director, this office was perceived as a German threat because it showed movies and increased military presence in LA, as well as fixing major economic concerns and increasing effective communication.
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What was the Good Neighbor Policy?
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This was a policy that came about during the great depression. FDR decided that the US would no longer intervene in LA policies, Cuba and the Panama Canal was no longer a protectorate.
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What was the Pan American Congress?
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The Pan American Congress was something that preceeded the Organization of American states, it met every 4 to 10 years and usually made decisions about trade, almost always with the US getting their way, as everyone wanted the US military on their side.
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What is Nationalism?
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Nationalism is a style of politics where a lot of the major companies are taken back by their countries, this movement supports the worker and middle class, the nation tries to get as any people behind their political agenda as possible
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What was the Great Depression?
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The great depression followed the Stock Market Crash of 1929, whereas many of the factories in Europe and the US went bankrupt, because of ISI, many of the small industries in LA began to make money for the first time.
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What is ISI?
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ISI was the idea of keeping what was being made in the LA industries in LA. This really worked when the great depression hit and the Europe and US companies no longer sent imports, the products that were being made by the LA companies were now bought by the LA people. As the population got bigger, so did the positive effect of ISI.
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What is Populism?
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Populism is a style of politics that rallies around a charasmatic leader to help everyone. This leadership style can range from left to right, tries to help the working class as well as the elite.
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What was the Cuban Revolution?
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The Cuban Revolution took place with guerillas in the Sierra Maestra Mountains. Che and Castro were able to overthrow Batista in 1959, execute most of his croonies, and work out massive land reform. The Cuban Revolution but the alliance for progress on its toes and made people very aware of the communist threat in LA.
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What was the primary reason the OCIAA was created?
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To further US aid and pro-US propoganda
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What is Donald Duck Diplomacy?
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Donald Duck diplomacy was the type of films that were shown in post-war Mexico, they showed popular support for US lifestyles and ways, they also showed people how to modernize socially, and had Ideological indoctrination. The message also showed joe schmoe the labor guy doing his thing, and so it encouraged people to let hierarchy do its thing.
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What are colonos?
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This was the labor system set up so that rural workers could be given a plot of land to grow crows for their own subsistence, or they would make certain areas sustainable for coffee, ultimately these were very productive, and there was a rise in colonos, but many options would be flooded and people would go to the city
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What are Corticos?
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Types of housing that the factory workers lived in, this included conventillos
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What are Conventillos? Camas Calientes?
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Portuguese word for beehive, they were one big house with a little garden/water source and a lot of people in each roo - up to 200 people and only one water source. In some cases the owners would just rent out a bed (camas calientes)
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What are Favelas?
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Place where colonos would go when they could no longer farm in the country, these were ass shanty-towns, which played a huge role in politics
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When was the large surge of immigration? Where did they come from, and where did they immigrate to?
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1870-1930, They came from Italy, Spain, Portugal, and some from Europe and Asia. They went to places like Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, and Cuba.
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What were some of the pull factors that got immigrants to come?
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Demand for Labor, larger wages could be paid when there was more demand, the Climate was similar to Europe in Argentina and Brazil, Some people would come and then invite others to follow (Chain Migration) - this improved communications technology
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What were some of the push factors for immigrants?
What were some of the pulling factors that attracted these people to the cities? |
There was a population boom in Europe
There was more urban growth, that meant more jobs, sharecropping was less attractive because it did not pay as much. There were more services in the city, more education, health, and other services, there was chain migration to the city, these were symbols of civilization and progress. |
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What is Populism?
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Described a political style, the idea behind it was to apply to a broader spectrum of the population. The pueblo was a moral force within society, and they should participate in political decisions (many say Gaitan was a populist)
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What is Nationalism?
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Rallying of people around a political agenda, caused a huge celebration of indigenous roots - there were murals and indigenous celebrations of unity. Nationalism unlike Liberalism, protected the national industries, and had tariffs
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What is a Proleterait?
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Proleterait was a term used to identify a lower social class, originally identifying people who had no wealth other than their sons, and also referred to the working class.
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What is indegenismo?
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The celebration of indigenous cultures, rural roots of national identity especially in Mexico and Peru. There were artists and writers, and all were emblematic of National Identity.
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Who is Victor Haya de la Torre?
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Victor Haya de la Tore was the leader of a student union in Peru, he wanted an indigenousimo campaign to start in Peru and founded the APRA (Popular Aerican Revolutionary Alliance) which was against imperialism. He reached out to many of the popular sectors, wanted to have an Indo-America
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Who is Getulio Vargas?
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Getulio Vargas led the Revolution of 1930 in Brazil, he was a dictator and father to the poor, and really engaged in the idea of ISI, leading the urban and rural middle classes wanted more dependence on export agriculture He was in and out of office until 1954, where he killed hiself on public radio. H
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What is Estado Nuevo?
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Vargas' New State for Brazilians. He completed a series of reforms and nationalization, including setting up a steel mill, cars and airplanes, and he expanded Brazil, creating tons of new jobs, more control over education and health care, and ore bureaucracies. The State also had control over the labor and was the arbitrator for disputs. He was pushed out of power in 45, reelected in 50, and dead at 54.
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What is Racial Democracy?
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For Afro-Brazilians there was a racial democracy idea that undermined claims against racism. The Unified Black ovement fored to obilize people around the awareness that they shared identity as victims of racism. Racial Democracy wanted to get rid of Brazil's version of estizo nationalis and replace it with more black democracy to wipe out racis, even though there wasn't a lot there.
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When did women become economically dependent?
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When they started having greater access to public education, which increased their access to education and jobs. They became a source of cheap labor, and more economically independent, which led to feminist movements. Many labor organizations were organized by women, so they had a large role in the labor movement.
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Who was Gaitan?
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Gaitan was a populist who ran for office in Colombia. He was very flambouyant and had great appeal to many of the sectors, UFC and the church did NOT like Gaitan, he was able to spur many people into action. He was the Mayor of Bogota, and the leader of the liberal party, when he ran for president his assanation was one of the reasons for La Violencia.
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What is Meritocracy?
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Work was important and labor gave you a foundation to build from and earn more respect.
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Who was Alfonso Lopez Purego?
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Pumrego implemented reforms that became widely known as revolutions. He separated the church and state, he called for universal male suffrage, etc.
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What is convivencia?
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The Idea of liberals and conservatives getting along and working together on some issues without trying to kill one another. A partnership that was developed to keep the people in control so that they could work together with the caudillos.
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What was the War of 1000 days?
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Huge explosion between political parties. The conservatives were victorious, an increase in revenue began. Slowly after this the liberals and conservatives started getting along.
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How did Womans issues come to the front during the populist movement?
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They pushed for a lot of the reforms, including labor concerns, education, and sufferage. Women wanted to not be prosecuted for bearing illigitiate sons - these sons needed inheritance rights and never got any.
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Why was Gaitan well recieved by the public? What were his platforms?
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Gaitan stood for the poor, he was from a lower class family, and had darker skin. He was a man that worked toward the cleanliness of his followers, tried to make their lives better based on what they earned...meritocracy (the most talanted were those who ruled). Ruled by transparancy in government and accountability
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Who Was Lazaro Cárdenas?
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Was the PRI party leader who started as a general in the revolution and wanted a third way between socialism and capitalism. Redistributed more than 18 million acres of land, re-emergence of collective plots and ejidos, he was very popular with the rural poor. He expanded public education and minimized the church A LOT. Stopped church control of education. He was very popular because he visited the extreme rural areas, went to over 100 towns , he also had the export relations, paid 28 illion for the expropriation of oil companies.
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What was the Partido Revolucionario Institucional?
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A revolutionary party that had three major platforms, land reform, education, and incorporation of the masses (this was the idea that would incorporate peasants and also industrial workers into labor unions and peasant orrganizations). Wanted to implement revolutionary ideas.
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What was Ejido?
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The idea that peasants would have access to collective land. A place where marketed food could be regrown on these common lands, this would hold down food prices and therefore subsidize living standards. Ultimately these were not very sucessful.
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Who was Juan Domingo Péron?
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A populist in Argentina. Started as Secretary of Labor after a military coop then worked his way into office. Wanted to restructure the economic society so that it wasn't based on exports, wanted more ISI, limited and controlled media that would oppose people to regime.
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Who was Eva Perón?
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Evita was Perons wive, she was very popular and had mass appeal, she used her radio and TV personalities to make Peron famous, and helped him get released from prison.
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What was the Confederación General de Trabajo?
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One of the primary labor unions in Argentina that Peron was able to gain supporters fro in Argentina while he was secretary of labor.
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What is descamisado?
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Spanish word that means shirtless. Used as an insult to describe the followers of Peron, when they were waiting for Peron to get removed from prison the men removed their shirts, hence shirtless. Peron was called El Descamisado and they referred to his followers as Descamisados.
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What is the definition of populism?
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Discursive appeal to the people. Emphasis on moral merit of the social majority, have their moral weight on politics. They appealed to the masses, it was not necessairly deocratic because there was heavy censorhip of the opposition - who viewed populists as fascist. Populist leaders were a lightning rod - they channeled all problems, confusion, and complexities - their opposition can blame them for a lot.
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What were the major differences between Peron and Cardenas?
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Peron had an urban base
Peron was extremely polarizing Peron came in as outsider/military coop (Cardenas was elected) |
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Who is Somoza?
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Dictator in Nicaragua who was helped to power by the US, who trained his military forces.
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Who is Trujillo?
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Dictator in the Dominican Republic, became president after US occupation. He siezed power in 1930 after a hurricane and economic depression and used terror, propaganda, and a repressive regime to keep himself in power.
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Who is Raúl Prebisch
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The leader of the ECLA (Economic commission for Latin America) he was an influential LA economist. focusing on the peripheral position(exporting raw aterians) within an economy increasintly doinated by already industrialized US and Europe. Wanted to implement DEPENDENCY model, which replaced liberal model, allowing LA to join the industrial revolution and not just seek comparative advantages.
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What is the meaning of dependency in LA?
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This was the movement from the liberal theory to a theory that would have LA producing their own industrialized goods, instead of constantly depending on the goods of others.
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What is Shanty town?
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Horrible living conditions in the Urban areas. basically small shacks that would be built close to the city, you would make money at your job and if you didn't have money to move then you lived there. Lots of crime.
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Who was Carolina Maria de Jesus?
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Woman who wrote in journals describing her hardship living in populist Brazil where the politicians left the poor behind due to the obsession with development.
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Who is Jucelino Kubitschek?
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The President after Vargas who had fifty years of progress in five years. He helped the country's GDP grow, and the industrialization, but led visible progress that became a problem because it drew attn away fro the agricultural centers, food production went down, and this led to serious economic downturns.
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What is Brazilia?
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Area and symbol of the post-Vargas years in Brazil. Led by Kibishek Capital of Brazil that was constructed ith vast outlays of resources and beautifully architected buildings, representing futeristic planning in Brazil. Focusing on the visable progress in Brazil took away from the focus on food, and this resulted in military dictatorhsip taking over.
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What are some of the Characteristics of dictators in Latin America?
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Almost all of the dictators were from the Carribbean, all came from elite families, many had military backgrounds, ultimately they wanted to protect US interests to have them on their side.
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What affect did WW2 have on ISI?
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There was a lot of modernization and industrialization after WW2 in order to gain the things needed that the US and Europe were no longer sending. This led to a growth in Urbanization. The goals were to produce a diverse economy, manufacture goods at home, keep roots in urbanism, and increase state development of industry.
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How did Prebisch try to change dependency theory?
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Countries exporting cheap raw materials were losing money importing more expensive industrialized materials so they needed to industrialize in order to incorporate the into the world. Wanted to increase economic growth, while helping the poor people (by increasing urbanization).
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Who was Anastasio Somoza?
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The first Military Dictator in Nicaragua who was an important symbol.
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What was Rafael Trujillo's role in the Cold War?
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He promised stability and status quo in the DR where he was the dictator. He was anti-communist, championed the status quo, and liked US presence in the region. He led a tyranical regime that was extremely repressive.
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Who was Juan José Arévalo?
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The Leader of Guatemala after Ubico, he and Arbenz plotted to get overthrow him with teh rest of the military who was unhappy with Ubico. He tried to implement reforms and labor codes, but was not able to enact any overall changes. He was replaced in power by Arbenz.
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Who was Jacobo Arbenz?
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The democratically elected leader of Guatemala that was overthrown with help of the US forces. He was thought to be a communist threat because of the economic reform and socialist reform that led US to perceive them as a commie threat. He was in part very successful because the military was on his side.
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What was Decree 900?
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THis decree said that any unused land in the area of more than 700 acres would be purchased by the government and sold, less than 700 would not be expropriated. The people were paid in government compensation for their land. This was NOT in US interests because it took a lot of land away from the UFC.
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What affect did the United Fruit Company have in Guatemala?
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The UFC had a lot of unused land in Guatemala, and when Decree 900 was passed, all of their land was taken away, and they were paid only half of what it was worth, due to their fradulant reports of what it was worth in the past. The UFC was able to convince the US govenment to protest against this land reform, saying that it was communist.
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Who was Carlos Castillo Armas?
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Armas was a military leader who was exiled after Arana, one of the threats to previous president Arevalo, was killed. He began to seek ways to topple the Arbenz government.
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What are two myths about the Cold War in LA?
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1. CW was a stalemate between US and USR, not a "real war",
2. US was an evil dominant power that could easily victimize LA nationals and bend them to US will |
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What was the biggest trend in LA during the Cold War period?
Why did the US try to intervene in LA during the Cold war? |
Nationalizing of States, Industries, Land, and Energy. Most of these occured because of populism. All of this nationalization worried the US because they feared the spread of communism among the LA states and saw nationalization as a first step. The US wanted to be a good neighbor to keep out communism and wanted to make people in support of them.
The US felt that LA was important because of strategic positioning, and because of the economic dependence on it. Opinion would pay an important role too, so they wanted to contain communism. |
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What was Operation PUBSUCESS?
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This was planned as a covert operation. The US sent in a covert army with Armas at the lead (US had to be seen as not directly responsible), they created fear in Guatemala with the Media, army eventually allowed Armas to gain control and he took over, repealing the reforms, repressions, and expected US loans and aid in return.
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Who was Batista?
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Batista was the incrediblely repressive leader in Cuba before Castro. He was elected in 1940, then after losing his reelection he staged a coup with 100% military support. He was more interested in the US than he was maintaining his relationship with the Cuba population.
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What was the 26th of July Movement?
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This was Castro's first attempt to overthrow Batista at teh Moncada military base. It was a sucessful failure, because it mobilized support. any rebels were caught, killed, and then sent away to live in Exile in Mexico.
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Who was Fidel Castro?
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Castro was the leader of the July 26th movement, he was a stanch anti-Batista man, after leading movement he was released from jail and sent to Mexico, where he met Che, and they together eventually got back to Cuba and took over everything.
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Who was Ernesto Che Guevara?
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Che met Castro in Mexico and helped him plan the eventual takeover of Batista, he helped hatch the Granma voyage, which was a failure. He is now Castros 3rd in Command.
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What was the Granma? What significance did the Sierra Maestra have in the Guerrilla war against Batista?
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The Granma was the boat voyage from Mexico that was poorly planned, not many people lived, but those who did escaped into the Sierra Maestra mountains and started the guerrilla movement, they got more rural and urban support, began to mobilize attack strategies, and eventually they were able to take over Batista's regime. In 1958 Batista fled to the Dominican Republic, where Trujillo welcomed him and January 1 was the beginning of the Cuban revolution.
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What was the Bay of Pigs/Playa Girón invasion?
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Was hugely unsucessful and just solidified Castro's already popular hold on the Cuban population. Castro never asked for aid from the US and instead striked up trading agreements with Russia, and so became the HUGE US threat.
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Why did much of the Urban population have a problem with the Arbenz reforms?
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There was some violence that accompanied the reforms, and the landowners refused to budge. Income for urban pops did not rise because they had to raise taxes, and as a result, many of the people in the urban areas were not happy with reforms.
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What was the Agrarian Reform: Land Literacy and Credit?
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There were literacy capaigns needed to defend land clais,1.4 million acres of land were redistributed, approx 500,000 Guatealans got land. Credit was given to small land holders for machinery.
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What were the effects of the reforms?
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Immediately, the food production and wages increased, there were rising prices for coffee, and many rural people were happy with their land.
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What were the starting factors for PUBSUCESS?`
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Opposition to Arbenz was weak, and the US had the support of Nicaragua, HOnduras, and DR.US instilled fear tactics in Guatemala by using the media and acadeia spin, and also denouncing Arbenz as a communist, they used the OAS meeting in Venezuela to try to bring wrath down on the US. The US also blocked Arms deals, found out about secret missions to Chech to get weapons, and used US military intervention as a threat
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What was the role of Cuba in Guerilla Warfare (foco)
What do you need for this to work? |
Che kept a diary of warfare methods and the foco - grew guerilla insurrection into a broader movement. Che described the different stages of warfare and the thought was that foco could be used as a model in every country, the foco needed knowledge of each terrain. The country had to be very polarized, peasants had to see that it was the only way for change to occur, key was land reform, if you hit reform you tap into the interest of the rural population and gain support. The only thing that seperated guerillas from bandits was the support they had among the rural population.
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Who is Paulo Freire?
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Friere was a father very much in favor of Liberation Theology. He thought that peasants were intelligent people eager to empower theselves. He thought that teaching adults had to be different than children, and taught them through "consciousness raising". in1968 this approach was decided upon by the Conference of Bishops and they established base communities (literacy groups) for adults throughout LA.
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What was the New Left?
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A mixture of blending Nationalist movements with Marxism, expanding the electorial base and the ability to vote. Most educated class was supposed to rule, import/export was the best route to development, comparative advantage should be best system for difference economically. Belief that you would be more popular if you established popular control and support. Have to expand the political base on which you can act.
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What is Liberation Theology?
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1960 - the catholic bishops conference in Medillin said that the church was morally responsiblefor the suffering of the poor in Latin America, wanted to provide services for the peasantry and teach literacy through the bible. Wanted to teach critical thinking and literacy through social structures in democracy.
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What were the ideas of the New Right?
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Prevent revolution and maintain social control. These parties originally supported the Alliance for Progress, so they formed the new center right. The new center right saw: refor as a threat to social order, Military as the key political actor, National Security Doctrine, and New regimes that were dictatorial and authoritarian.
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How did the Alliance for Progress work with the center right?
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They reformed land- land reform shows that whoever gets control over the land is the group that dictates what happens (meaning the person is bad, not the land), the AFP didn't work because the reforms implemented were key reforms and tied to the US, which were met with heavy opposition
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What were the two components of the National Security Doctrine?
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The US would protect the region from communist threat from the outside, the LA military regimes would help by attacking the enemy inside, the internal enemies.
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Who were the Montoneros?
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The Montoneros were a guerilla group in Argentina that were considered to be patriots, they publically killed people, and made the military more repressive - because of the Montoneros they asked Peron to return to power
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Who is Isabelita Peron?
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Wife of Juan Peron, he died in 1973 and left her as President. When she came into power the Montoneros went crazy and started to assassinate major government figures. The military took over power from Isabelita and vowed to kill every Montonero
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What were Kennedy's intentions for post Cuban Revolution?
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After Bay of Pigs,18 billion dollars of aid were given to LA. The focus of this aid was to combat the structures that were generating inequality. One of the key purposes was strengthening and preserving democratic institutions.
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What were the primary platforms for the Economic and social reforms?
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Promote Basic Industries
Liberalize Trade Mobilize unexploited Natural Resources Satisfy needs for work, housing, land, health, and education |
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What were some of the problems with the Alliance for Progress?
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Began with modest investment and then grew:
500 million to 18 billion Created great expectations and set impossible goals The Punta del Este Charter Those who were on top recieved even more money! |
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How did we ultimately hurt the Brazilian government by giving them money? What was the Brazilian miracle? What ended the Brazilian Miracle?
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We gave Brazil the most money, hoping that they would turn around their country, but they ultimately spent all of the money to further the military purposes when the military took over in the 60s. They decided not to trade with the SU when they found out the US would cut off their aid, and so started killing subversives with death squads, juntas appeared that did terrible things in the interest of the nation. The BM was the amazing economic growth taking place in Brazil, but it did so by holding back the poor majority. This poor majority was not allowed to form unions or strike. The military recieved all of the benefits from the growth, and used it to further their own growth, this helped Brazil become one of the worst countries for undistributed incomes. In 74 Brazil imported a lot of oil dn lost a lot of money, and became incredibly indebted ot others.
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What was Eduardo Frei?
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Leader of the Christian Democrats in Chile, in power from 1964 to 1970. He experiented with moderate and economic and social reform. He helped with land reform, Chilean ownership of major industries, and programs to alleviate poverty, he was a part of US's Alliance for Progress
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Who was Salvador Allende?
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Salvador Allende lead the coalition of various left-leaning groups. He was socialist and had political experience, led communists, socialists, and Christian Democrats frustrated with Frei. Allende was a medical doctor, he saw the needs of the poor classes and how reforms needed to deal with health care and poverty. He was not committed to violent overthrow, but upheld the thoughts of constant peaceful reform, with heavy emphasis on constitutional emphasis
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What was the Unidad Popular?
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A party that was supported by Allende and opposed by more than 60% of the population, imposed wage and price freezes to increase the standards of the poor and caused HUGE inflation. Much of Unidad Popular was within the democratic and constitutional means, but eventually ended with Allende being killed by his own armed forces.
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Who was General Augusto Pinochet?
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Military General that lead a bloody plot against Allende and carried out the September 11th coup. Took power of Chile for 17 years,ending in 1990. Made the bloodiest coup in LA history, 25,000 killed under this dictatorship.
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What is Neo-liberalism?
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Neo-liberalism were policies started by the Pinochet regime after the oust of Allende. Pinochet reversed all refors and kept the wages low to want foreign investment.
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Why was Chile's history so "boring"
What were their two weaknesses? |
They had overall history of stable democratic traditions, regular elections, multiple political parties (Christian Democrats, Unidad popular), Free Press, and overall protection of civil liberties. They were highly dependent on copper and minerals and had a relatively large middle class, the majority was working class or rural peasant class.
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Who were the Christian Democrats?
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They were in favor of Social Justice, but not marxism. They were also worried about the negative effects of capitalism on the working class, but would still not advocate Marxism.
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What was the Schneider conspiracy?
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Schneider was the commander under the CDs and firmly opposed the coups,even though peoplewere trying to keep Allende out of power, Schneider was killed during a kidnap attempt and ended up generating more support for Allende because people wanted the constitutional rules.
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What did Allende do when he ran Chile?
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Socialism through democratic means: Land reform - drew on existing land reform legislation and bureacucracyon Cds, focused on the poorest sections rather than the middle men. Nationalized 2 copper companies and pisseed off the US,requisitioned the Cotton Mill. Allowed many people to take over and essentially make their own rules, which made the US think he was Marxist.
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Who was Somoza?
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The Somoza family controlled Nicaragua fro 1937 to 1979, they owned 20% of the land, controled the naitonal gaurd, and passed the duty of running the country from son to son. When the youngest sons Luis and Tachito took over, there was increased repression and the sandinistas began their movement.
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Who were the Sandinistas?
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The Sandinistas led the FLSN party in the 1960s. By the 1970s the people of Nicaragua were completely in favor of the Sandinistas as the Somozas were so horribly corrupt. In 1979, the Sandinistas finally took control of politics in Nicaragua.
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What were the Sandinistas like in Power?
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Allowed political parties, free press, elections, and tried to aintain pluralist democracy. Called on various groups for support.
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Who was Oscar Romero?
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A member of the clergy that was in favor of liberation theology in El Salvador. He was gunned down for making a negative coent about the government during mass. As more clergy were assanited, there was more pressure on the US governent to address the human rights problems that were occuring.
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Who were Lucas Garcia and Rios Montt?
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Generals in Nicaragua during La Violencia - National security doctrine was applied and rural populations were repressed, the Guerrilla movements gained legitacy against the government.
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Who was Rigoberta Menchu?
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A woman whose family was killed by the military who wrote a book and won the national peace prize.
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Who were the Contras?
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The Contras were another US proxy army that Regan referred to as freedom fighters. They attacked Nicaragua from the Honduras borders, they wreaked havoc and crippled the economy, but were unsucessful at taking over.
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Who was Farabundo Martí
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The martyered hero for whom the FMLN party was named for. He was killed by the Salvadoran government. The FMLN was a guerilla group that played a large part in trying to weed out the anticommunists in Salvador, but the US trained military was relentless in trying to find these people, and killed thousands of innocent people while trying.
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What was the Proceso de Reorganizacion Nacional?
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Basically this was the transition from the crappy government under Isabelita Peron to the worse government of several juntas, which resulted in the deaths of thousands of people.
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What was the Falklands War?
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The Falklands war started when Leopoldo Galtieri took over, basically it was started so that the Argentina people would feel that they had a victory and everything was ok again. This ultimately did not work because they got pounded during this war and lost what little support they had left.
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Who are the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo?
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These are the mothers that marched in protest to losing their loved ones during the Dirty War, many of them got into trouble with the junta, and some even lost all of their children due to their involvement.
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Who was Raúl Alfonsin?
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Raúl Alfonsín was the man who took over in 1982 after the dirty war, and he started the National Commission on the Disappeared. However, because of the time limits he put on the investigations, many of the torturers got away scott free, leaving many of those who had been tortured passing their torturers in the street everyday.
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What was Albertura?
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Albertura was the opening in Brazil that occured when there was a rise of elections. Basically it was a protest for pro-democracy in Brazil. Many of the people were pro-democracy and would wear pro-demo T0shirts to soccer games, etc.
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What is the PRI? (Partido Revolucionario Institutional)
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This was the Mexican party of Democracy, started post 1940. The PRI was the dominant party in Mexico, by having only one party, it closed the options for oppostition and alternate political views. The rules of PRI were fro consent and force, consent from the poor sectors and force used to intiidate opponents, such as the Tlateloco Massacre of 1968. There was a lot of investment in PRI because they were able to enact refors that benefitted the peasants. They also had patronage from the PRI, which helped keep them in power, again through force and repression.
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What ws the Tlatelolco Massacre?
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This was a massacre of students by the PRI party right before the olypic gaes in Tlatelolco Mexico. They were protesting the government, so in order to keep them from embarassing the governent, they decided to kill all of them.
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What Fuerzas Aradas Revolucionarias de Colomibia?
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The FARC is one of the leading guerilla groups in Colombia. they have controlled the mountainous areas of Colombia and the cocaine trade for a long time. They finance themselves through extortion, drugs, and kidnapping.
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What are paramilitaries?
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There are many paramilitary groups that go after groups like the FARC in order to kill the group leaders and subversives, though not supported by the military, the military does not try to stop them either.
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What are the tenaments of the Neo-Liberalism movement?
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Free Trade and lower Tariffs
Direct foreign investment and de-nationalization of industries Focus on exports and comparative advantage Decrease state regulation Diversification of exports (Which products you export to, and which products you make) NO ECONOMIC NATIONALISM |
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What problem did the IMF, International Monetary Fund cause LA countries?
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Foreign leaders believed that free market policies would solve economic problems so they encouraged neo-liberal policies: they lowered interest rates by "rolling over" debt, and cut social spending
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What is the North America Free Trade Agreement?
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Created two of hte largest trading blocks in the world. Promoted the free flow of goods by eliminating duties, tariffs, and trade barriers, did not guarantee free flow of people or labor. US had 4 reasons to join:
1. Wanted to preserve stability on the US Mexico border and ease social pressure, sustaining the regime 2. Wanted to access oil from Mexico, US could open more business 3. NAFTA was an important bargaining chip 4. Wanted to consolidate agenda within the region, helped not push within Mexico, but also with the rest of LA |
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Who are the Zapatistas?
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A group that took Emiliano Zapatas name and denounced the NAFTA, they were from the Mexico Guatemala border and mobilized support fro, the internationa community. There were many human rights abuses toward the Zapatistas and a lotof political violence.
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What are Maquiladoras?
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Workers in the factories. They provided work for the displaced Braseros, they were set up along the US border. Usually these were women that could be taken advantage of, the were worked very hard and paid next to nothing.
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What does Dual Citizenship mean?
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Becoming a citizen in both countries, done when working in Mexico or when Mexican children are born in the United States.
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What happened when the interest rates were lowered?
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It was spread over a longer period of time, allowing the country to repay its debt, but very much hurting the middle class, the lower class suffered too since there were no longer subsidies for food and energy and prices skyrocketed.
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What were the impacts of Neo-liberalism?
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There were winners and losers. Social growth and economic stability, but no social development, new technological infastructure, increased poverty and inequality.
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What were the overall social trends from the Neoliberal Era?
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Rise in Massive Economic inequalities means a rise in crime
Environmental Damage Illegal drug trade flourished Massive migration from LA to the US |
