Good Mbi 121 Disese Resistance

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Know examples of nonspecific resistance

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well being (nutrition, age, sex, climate), skin, mucous membranes, pH of the vaginal tract, stomach (acidic), lysozyme (tears and saliva= helps kill microbes), phagocytosis (cell eating meaning bacteria goes in and is broken down and then released)

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How do they work to prevent disease?

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they either trap microbes or eat the microbe, break it down and release debris

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How do they work to prevent disease?

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they either trap microbes or eat the microbe, break it down and release debris

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Natural Killer Cells-

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(nonspecific defense) defensive lymphocytes that identify and kill abnormal cells, kills off infection but harms good cells too “collateral damage”

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Cytotoxic T-cells-

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specific defense) Antigens come into the body and causes the immune system to respond. Lymphocytes (B and T cells) are receptors that recognize antigens. The T- cells are “cell-mediated” immunity while the B-cells are “antibody-mediated” immunity

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- “Cell Mediated Immunity”-

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antigens mark themselves as “nonself” and infects host cells  helper T-cell is specific to kill only bad cells

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What are antigens? List examples

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Anything that causes immune system response, usually large complex molecules, ex. Venoms, toxins, milk and pollen proteins

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1. How do macrophages decide which cells to kill?

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It is meant to kill specific microbes

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• What are dendritic cells?

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Cleans up debris left behind by macrophages

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2. What are cytotoxic T-cells & what do they do?

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Aka the “active” T-cell. They circulate in the lymph and bloodstream until they encounter their targets. The receptor proteins from the cytotoxin meet with the antigen and begin cell-to-cell mediation. The cytotoxin releases a number of active substances called perforin and kills the antigen.

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3. How are cytotoxic T-cells activated?

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Helper T –cell turns on production of T-cell. When the macrophages match the MHC receptors on the surface of the T-cell allowing the T-cell to detect the antigenic determinants in the human body.

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4. What type of cell produces antibodies?

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B-cell

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5. How are so many different types of antibodies produced?

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Antibodies are proteins ( DNA RNA proteins) proteins come from genes and there are 25,000- 30,000 human genomes

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6. How do the B-cells get activated?

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T-cell turns on B- cell (If you lose helper T-cells, antibodies can’t be made)

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7. What are Memory B cells? How do they aid in an immune response? How does this relate to vaccination?

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Memory B- cells are cells that remain in the lymphoid tissue for years in order to have immediate antibody production if an antigen were to enter the body again. Vaccination prevent the multiplication of cells and the memory cell does something similar by having immediate immune response quickly attacking the multiplying cells.

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8. What do antibodies do?

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White blood cells fight of infection/ bad microbes in the body. (Immunity)

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What is the ultimate effect of HIV on the immune system?

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Makes it weaker. HIV attacks the HD4 receptor on the T-cell and tricks it by letting it in and will lose cell immunity. This will stop production of B-cells because it will kill all T- cells.