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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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if dye passes from one cell to the next -- what structure is present?
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gap junction
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derivation of the adrenal medulla?
layers of the adrenal gland from outside to inside? |
origin = neural crest
neuroblasts develop into ganglia layers = CORTEX glomerulosa fasciculata reitcularis MEDULLA |
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tibial nerve function
loss of the tibial nerve results in ________ |
plantarflexion of the toes
loss of plantar flexion -- foot is dorsiflexed and everted (calcaneobalgocabus) -- sensory loss on the soles of the feet |
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broken humerus + wrist drop is indicative of injury to what nerve
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radial nerve
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the mitral and tricuspid valve have a core composed of _________ which increases in _________. this process is called ___________
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composed of loose connective tissue = core
increased in mitral/tricuspid prolapse called myxomatous degeneration (MCC of pure mitral valve insufficiency) -- causes regurge, associated with Marfan = when dermatin sulfate (GAG) accumulates in the connective tissue and weakens it |
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the aortic and pulmonic valve are lined by __________, have abudnant fibroelastic tissue and a core composed of ___________
is it vascular or avascular |
lined by endothelium
core = collagen avascular |
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a winged scapula is most common with what type of nerve injury?
what muscle is paralyzed? what surgical procedure predisposes to this type of post operative injury |
long thoracic nerve injury
injury to the serratus anterior muscle seen post-radical mastectomy |
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pt presents with nosebleed and rhinorrhea (persistent mucus discharge) -- what is the likely cause?
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fracture to the cribriform plate in the ethmoid sinus
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medial longitudinal fasciulus demyelination is associated with what demyelinating disease? what does it cause?
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Multiple Sclerosis
Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO): a medical sign indicative of a particular cause of extraocular muscle weakness (ophthalmoparesis). It can affect either one or both eyes. It is a disorder of conjugate lateral gaze in which the affected eye shows impairment of adduction. When the partner eye is abducted, it diverges from the affected eye. This produces horizontal diplopia. That is, if the right eye is affected the patient will "see double" when looking to the left and the images will be side by side. During extreme abduction, compensatory nystagmus can be seen in the partner eye. Convergence is generally preserved. |
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parathyroid gland is derived from _________?
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3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches
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derivative of the 1st aortic arch
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part of the maxillary artery = branch of the external carotid
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derivative of the 2nd aortic arch
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stapedial artery and hyoid artery
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derivative of the 3rd aortic arch
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common carotids and proximal part of the internal carotid artery
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derivative of the 4th aortic arch
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on the left = aortic arch
on right = proximal part of the right subclavian artery |
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derivative of the 6th aortic arch
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proximal part of the pulmonary arteries (right and left) and (on the left only) ductus arteriosis
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The aortic arch vessels connect the aortic sac and Truncus arteriosis to the ___________
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left and right dorsal aorta
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female eggs are in what stage of meiosis before and after ovulation?
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before = meiosis I - arrested prophase I until ovulation (primary oocytes = 4N)
arrested in metaphase II until fertilization (secondary oocytes = 2N) - no fertilization = degeneration |
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nerve that runs along the radial artery
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median nerve
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artery affected by a femoral neck fracture
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medial femoral circumflex artery
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the sperm penetrates the _______
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zona pellucida
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acrosomal rx of sperm takes place at the level of the _______ in the egg
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zona pellucida
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metaphase II of the egg is completed in the _______
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uterus - upon fertilization
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collagen type in bone tendon and skin -- has lots of tensile strength
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type 1
remember, there is a "one" in bone |
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initial collagen of wound repair?
it is replaced by _______ what enzyme and cofactor are needed ? |
type III = wound repair
converted to type I collagen via collagenase with Zn as a cofactor |
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collagen of BM
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type IV
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where is type X collagen located
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epiphyseal plate or growth plate
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axonal degeneration and regeneratoin due to crush injury or mechanical trauma
cell mediator that is most important in regeneration of these axons reaction to injury |
wallerian degeneration
Schwann cells (remyelination by schwann in pns and oligodendrocytes in the cns) mphage/microglial cell infiltration to clean up debris -- gliosis by astrocytes |
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midshaft humerus fracture can result in damage of the _________
manifests as_______ |
median nerve (C6,8, T1)
deficit in opposition of the thumb; sensory deficity in dorsal hand and lateral 31/2 fingers and thenar eminance of hand |
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layers of the gastric mucosa inside to outside + function
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MUCOSA
Epithelium (absorption) Lamina Propria (support) Muscularis Mucosa (motility) SUBMUCOSA submucosal nerve plexus here = Meissner's MUSCULARIS EXTERNA Myenteric Nerve plexus here = Auerbach's SEROSA/ADVENTITIA |
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myelination of the PNS by ?
Myelinatoin of the CNS by? |
PNS = Schwann cells
CNS = oligodendroctyes |
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stage of female eggs post-partum
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meiosis I arrested in prophase
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pt presents with eye that is half closed (can't open), eye turned down and out
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3rd nerve palsy - all EOM affected excep abducens (turns eye outwards) and Sup Oblique (moves eye down)
associated with HTN fromDM and aneurysm at the ICA and PCA |
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diplopia with a defective downward gaze adjusted by tilting head toward the lesoin
causes? other sx |
trochlear (IV) nerve palsy
superior oblique -- adducts and depresses and rotates eyeball so eye looks down and lateral all equal risk factors -- trauma (closed head injury - males), congenital, ischemic (diabetic), tumor head tilts |
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child with a popsickle stick in his mouth falls down causing the stick to hit the back of his throat -- develops pstosi and meiosis of the right eye -- what is the injiury to?
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cervical sympathetic ganglion
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eye looks down and out; ptosis, pupillary dilation, loss of accomodatoin
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CR III damage
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medially directed eye
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CR VI damage
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vertical diplopia is associated with what nerve palsy
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CR IV
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pt c/o of headache, has mydriasis in the right eye wit hmild lid lag and deviation of rt eye down and out--dx?
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an aneurysm (think HA) compressing the IIIrd CN
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pt with a recent hx of bacterial meningits has horizantal diplopia in the left eye that worsens on gaze to the left
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CN VI palsay -- lateral rectus weakness
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intracranial pressure increase + papilledema -- most likley bilateral weakness of what eye muscle
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lateral rectus muscle
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paralysis of upward gaze in an infant
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hydrocephalus secondary to stenosis of the aqueduct of sylvius = parinauds syndrome
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multiple ocular motor nerve d/o commonly associated with what?
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diabetes mellitis
osmotic damage to nerve causes common cranial nerve palsies |
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weakness of the quadricep muscle and absent knee jerk reflex....cuased by?
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herniated L3-L4 disk
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pt with hip pain + lateral quad pain, numb anterolateral leg + webbed space b/w great tow + weak dorsiflexion of the foot + normal knee and ankle jerk
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herniated L4-L5 herniation
note deep tendon reflexes |
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absent ankle jerk reflex + numbness along the lateral and posterior aspect of the calf and plantar aspect of the foot
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herniated L5-S1 disc
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young child falls on outstretched arm and has pain in the middle and lateral portion of his clavicle
upper extremity remains abducted, extended, and internally rotated |
nerve injured is C5-6; Erb-Duchenne syndrome or superior brachial plexus injury due to clavicular fracture
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most common fractures in newborns?
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clavicular fracutre -- can cause superior brachial plexus injury manifesting as weak arm, flexed wrist, normal hand
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child presents with weak hand and forearm, normal proximal arm after injury
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klumpke palsy = lower trunk brachial plexus injury (C8-T1)
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pt presents with
1. atrophy of thenar and hypothena emeinences 2. atrophy of interosseous muscles 3. sensory deficits on the medial side of the forearm and hand 4. disappearance of the radial pulse upon moving the head toward the opposite side |
thoracic outlet syndrome - cervical rib compresses subclavian artery and inferior trunk
can also result from injury to the inferior trunk of brachial plexus (C8, T1) klumpke palsy can be born with this - embyrological or childbirth defect |
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pt presents with oculomotor nerve injury following head surgery - ptosis and mydriasis
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think uncal herniation with compression of CNIII
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injury to the ____ causes numbness to the thenar aspect of the hand
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median nerve (carpal tunnel)
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wrist bone with greatest incidence of aseptic necrosis
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navicular bone or scaphoid
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a permanent flexion contracture of the hand at the wrist, resulting in a claw-like deformity of the hand and fingers. It is more common in children. Passive extension of fingers is restricted and painful.On examination the fingers are white or blue and cold and the Radial pulse is absent.
pathophysiology? |
Volkmann's ischemic contracture
injury to the brachial artery and median nerve due to supracondylar fracture |
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cells that produce SHBG
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sertoli cells
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most distal airway structure with cilia
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respiratory bronchiole
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site of obstruction in asthma, CF, chronic bronchitis
histology? |
terminal bronchioles
cilia with no goblet cells |
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during thyroid surgery, what nerve is at risk of being cut and what sx manifest
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hoarseness of voice due to injury to the laryngeal nerve
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what valve defect causes left atrial enlargement
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mitral stenosis
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pt presents with
1. weakness of palate/loss of gag reflex/laryngeal paralysis 2. trapezius and SCM paralysis 3. loss of taste sensation post 1/3 tongue cause? |
schwannoma in jugular foramen affected CN 9, 10, 11
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brain lobe affected with personality alterations
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frontal lobe
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syndrome associ with injury to the cervical sympathetic ganglion
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Horners
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bitemporal hemianopsia is due to a lesion at the _____
most likely due to _________ |
optic chiasm
commonly due to craniopharyngioma derived from rathke's poiunch |
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inferior quadrantanopia can be caused by what ?
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defect in superior fibers of the parietal lobe (upper meyers loop defect) -- lesion contralateral to side of vision loss
think mapping is backward and upside down |
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los sof sensation in teh hands
hx of burns w/o knowing it |
syringomyelia of the cervical cord and involvement of crossed spinothalamics
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sx after C2 transectoin of the fasciculus gracilis
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loss of FT and vibration sense to the lower extremity only
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CNIII and UMN signs on contralateral side
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midline midbrain lesion
think weber's syndrome scuba diver |
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loss of pain and temp and UMN signs on contralateral side
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mid pons lesoin
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MPTP associated as drug of abuse leading to this dz
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parkinsons
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prior to birth, blood is produced int eh
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liver and bone marrow
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this organ is damaged at a rock concert
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cochlea
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451
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Arson - F
A person is guilty of arson when he or she willfully and maliciously sets fire to or burns or causes to be burned or who aids, counsels, or procures the burning of, any structure, forest land, or property. (a) -F- Arson that causes great bodily injury (b) -F- Arson that causes an inhabited structure or inhabited property to burn (c) -F- Arson of a structure or forest land (d) -F- Arson of property |
