Goljan 22-3 Endocrine

Front 1

Hypoparathyroidism

causes?

Back 1

autoimmune Hypoparathyroidism is the most common cause

Front 2

DiGeorge syndrome = ?

Back 2

failure of descent of 3rd/4th pharyngeal pouches; absent parathyroids and thymus

Front 3

what is the most common pathologic cause of hypocalcemia in the hospital?

Back 3

Hypomagnesemia

Front 4

Hypomagnesemia
causes?

Back 4

diarrhea, aminoglycosides, diuretics, alcohol

Front 5

Hypomagnesemia
lab findings?

Back 5

↓ serum calcium, PTH
↑ serum phosphorus

Front 6

what is the most common cause of hypocalcemia; causes hypovitaminosis D?

Back 6

chronic renal failure

Front 7

Primary HPTH (hyperparathyroidism)

associated with?

Back 7

MEN I, MEN IIa

Front 8

most common cause of primary HPTH?

Back 8

benign adenoma

Front 9

Primary hyperplasia

which glands are involved?

Back 9

all glands are involved

Front 10

Primary HPTH
what is the most common presentation

Back 10

renal stones

Front 11

Primary HPTH
gastrointestinal clinical findings?

Back 11

acute pancreatitis

Front 12

Primary HPTH
bone and joint clinical findings?

Back 12

osteitis fibrosa cystica; subperiosteal bone resorption; osteoporosis; pseudogout

Front 13

Primary HPTH:
hypertension is caused by?

Back 13

hypercalcemia

Front 14

Primary HPTH

memory trick for symptoms?

Back 14

"stones, bones, abdominal groans, and psychic moans"

Front 15

best screening test for primary HPTH?

Back 15

Intact serum PTH (iPTH)

Front 16

Primary HPTH
lab findings?

Back 16

↑ serum calcium/PTH;
↓ serum phosphorus/bicarbonate; chloride/phosphorus ratio > 33; ↑ serum calcitriol

Front 17

Primary HPTH vs. malignancy ?

Back 17

↑ PTH in Primary HPTH
↓ PTH in malignancy

Front 18

what is the most common cause of hypercalcemia in the hospital?

Back 18

malignancy

Front 19

Secondary HPTH = ?

Back 19

compensation for hypocalcemia

Front 20

What is the danger in Insulin treatment?

Back 20

danger of developing hypophosphatemia

Front 21

hypophosphatemia is most commonly caused by ____?

Back 21

alkalosis

Front 22

hyperphosphatemia is most commonly caused by _______?

Back 22

renal failure

Front 23

Adrenal cortex hormones:
glomerulosa →?
fasciculata → ?
reticularis → ?

Back 23

glomerulosa → mineralocorticoids
fasciculata → glucocorticoids
reticularis → sex hormones

Front 24

Peripheral tissue sites?

Back 24

skin, testis, prostate, seminal vesicles, epididymis, liver

Front 25

What produces catecholamines?

Back 25

adrenal medulla

Front 26

What are the metabolic end-products of Epinephrine (EPI)/ norepinephrine (NOR)?

Back 26

metanephrines, vanillylmandelic acid(VMA)

Front 27

what does abrupt withdrawal of corticosteroids cause?

Back 27

acute adrenocortical insufficiency

Front 28

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome = ?

Back 28

N. meningitidis sepsis → DIC → bilateral adrenal hemorrhage

Front 29

What is the most common cause of Addison's disease in U.S.?

Back 29

Autoimmune disease

Front 30

What is the most common cause of Addison's disease in developing countries?

Back 30

Miliary TB

Front 31

What is the most common cause of Addison's disease in children?

Back 31

adrenogenital syndrome

Front 32

Addison's disease = ?

Back 32

diffuse hyperpigmentation; hypotension, weakness

Front 33

Metyraphone test = ?

Back 33

↓ cortisol → ↑ ACTH → ↓ 11-deoxycortisol

Front 34

Addison's disease

lab findings?

Back 34

↓ serum sodium, cortisol, bicarbonate

↑ serum potassium, ACTH

Front 35

Addison's disease:

conditions that develop?

Back 35

hypoclycemia, eosinophilia, lymphocytosis, neutropenia

Front 36

↑ 17-KS, testosterone, DHT
effects on females? males?

Back 36

ambiguous genitalia in females,

percocious puberty males and females

Front 37

What is the first step taken when a newborn has ambiguous genitalia?

Back 37

determine genetic sex with chromosome analysis

Front 38

↓ 17-KS, testosterone DHT
causes?

Back 38

delayed menarche and secondary sex characteristics;
males develop pseudohermaphroditism

Front 39

↑ Mineralocorticoids
causes what?

Back 39

sodium retention with hypertension

Front 40

↓ Mineralocorticoids
causes what?

Back 40

Sodium loss with hypotension

Front 41

what is the most common cause of adrenogenital syndrome?

Back 41

Classic 21-OHase deficiency

Front 42

Classic 21-OHase deficiency = ?

Back 42

impaired cortisol and mineralocorticoid production (salt loss); ↑ androgens

Front 43

Nonclassic 21-OHase deficiency = ?

Back 43

impaired cortisol synthesis only; virilization

Front 44

11-OHase deficiency = ?

Back 44

impaired cortisol + mineralocorticoid excess (salt retainer); ↑ androgens

Front 45

17-OHase deficiency = ?

Back 45

impaired cortisol and androgens;
↑ mineralocorticoid production

Front 46

Dignosis of adrenogenital syndrome?

Back 46

17-OH progesterone screening test;
↑ 21- and 11- OHase deficiency;
↓ 17-OHase deficiency

Front 47

most common cause of Cushing syndrome?

Back 47

corticosteroid therapy (iatrogenic)

Front 48

most common pathologic cause of Cushing syndrome?

Back 48

pituitary Cushing

Front 49

Pituitary Cushing,
Adrenal Cushing,
Ectopic Cushing syndrome:

what happens to ACTH? cortisol?

Back 49

Pituitary Cushing: ↑ACTH, ↑cortisol
Adrenal Cushing: ↓ACTH, ↑cortisol
Ectopic Cushing: ↑↑ACTH, ↑cortisol

Front 50

Cushing syndrome

clinical findings?

Back 50

truncal obesity, thin extremities, purple stria
hypertension, hirsutism

Front 51

What does Hypercortisolism cause?

Back 51

thin extremities, purple stria

Front 52

What does Hyperinsulinemia cause?

Back 52

truncal obesity

Front 53

Cushing syndrome

screening tests?

Back 53

↑ urine free cortisol; no suppression of cortisol with low dose of dexamethasone

Front 54

Pituitary Cushing syndrome
suppresses what?

Back 54

suppression of cortisol by high-dose dexamethasone

Front 55

Cushing

lab findings?

Back 55

hyperglycemia; hypokalemia; metabolic alkalosis

Front 56

Nelson's syndrome = ?

Back 56

bilateral adrenalectomy causes enlargement of preexisting pituitary adenoma

Front 57

Primary hyperaldosteronism = ?

Back 57

hypertension, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis

Front 58

Secondary hyperaldosteronism = ?

Back 58

compensation for ↓ cardiac output; activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system