Goals And History Of Psychology

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Psychology

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is a hub science that is defined as the SYSTEMATIC, SCIENTIFIC study of BEHAVIOR and MENTAL PROCESSES.

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Hub Science

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branch of science that is connected with other sciences.

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Overt

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concrete, anything that is observable.

Example: responses/behaviors found in humans and animals.

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Covert

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cannot be seen by the naked eye.

Example: mental processes, thinking, imagining, studying, daydreams and abstract concepts.

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TRUE

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True or False: "we infer mental processes through the existence of their behavioral manifestations."

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TRUE, we cannot predict with 100% certainty, we can only come up with probabilities.

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True or False: "Psychology is a Soft Science"

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Soft Science

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we cannot predict with 100% accuracy, we can only formulate probabilities.

example: "nagrerebelde yung bata, despite raising him/her properly."

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1. Describe

2. Explain

3. Predict

4. Control

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what are the four goals of psychology?

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Describe

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a goal of psychology which aims to understand the different ways in which an organism behaves.

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Explain

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a goal of psychology that defines the causes of the behavior.

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Refrigerator Mother Theory

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a debunked theory regarding the cause of autism, "children develop autism due to their cold, rejecting mothers."

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Predict

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(goal of psychology) how organisms will behave/react in certain situations.

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Predict

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example: "child with autism may throw tantrums if you suddenly change their routines."

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Control

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a goal of psychology that aims to help patients better regulate/manage their behavior effectively.

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Control

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example: "giving advices to patients."

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Provide consent before proceeding.

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how to solve the possibility of unconscious manipulation or undue influence under Control?

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about 138 years old

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estimated age of psychology

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Wilhelm Wundt

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Father of Psychology

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1879. Leipzig, Germany.

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first psychological laboratory in ______, located at ____________________

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Structuralism

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Wilhelm Wundt was responsible for the school of thought known as _________________.

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Structuralism

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study of the most basic elements, primarily sensations and perceptions that make up our conscious mental experiences.

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Structuralism

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involves breaking down things into their most basic parts, into their most basic structures.

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Structuralism

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did not survive for a long time as a school of thought in psychology.

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Introspection

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a method of exploring conscious mental processes by asking subjects to look inward (inside) and report their sensations and perceptions.

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High Subjective

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Criticism of Introspection

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Edward Bradford Titchener

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student of Wilhelm Wundt

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Edward Bradford Titchener

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brought Structuralism to the United States.

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The Principles of Psychology, 1890.

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William James authored the book, ________________ published in _______

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William James

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Father of Modern Psychology & American Psychology

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Functionalism

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William James founded the school of thought known as, ______________.

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Educational Psychology

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William James was also prominent in the field of ______________________.

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Functionalism

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saw mental activities as having ADAPTIVE QUALITIES and functions thar can help us EVOLVE AND SURVIVE.

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Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution

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William James found inspiration for Functionalism from _________________.

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Functionalism

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focuses on the goals, purpose and functions of the mind.

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Functionalism

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studies the function rather than the structure of consciousness and is interested in how our minds adapt to our changing environment.

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Theory of Emotion

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theory by James & Lange

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Gestalt Psychology

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a school of thought developed by Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler, and Kurt Koffka which is known as the psychology of patterns.

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Max Wertheimer

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"There are some things that you have to study as a whole." was a statement by ___________________.

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Gestalt Psychology

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people naturally seek out patterns to make sense of the world around them.

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Phi Phenomenon/Apparent Motion

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"apparently it's moving, but it's not."

example: lights in neon signs.

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Whole pattern

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Gestalt is a German word for _____________.

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Gestalt Psychology

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"The whole is more than the sum of its parts" and studied how sensations are assembled into meaningful experiences.

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John B. Watson

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rejected Structuralism and Introspection. He argued for a psychology that is focused on what is observable.

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John B. Watson

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"give me a dozen healthy infants and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select."

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Behaviorism

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first force in psychology. Quite evident during 1920s-1960s.

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1. Prejudice and discriminatory practices towards women and the minorities.

2. White males determined the academic policies and career opportunities of American psychology for the first 15 years.

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two evident discrimination during the early days of psychology: