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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Dysarthria
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collective name for a group of speech disorders resulting from disturbances in muscular control over the speech mechanism due to damage of the central or peripheral nervous system. (paralysis, weakness, or incoordination)
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Define Apraxia of Speech
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neurologic speech disorder reflecting an impaired capacity to plan or program.
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Motor Speech Disorders (MSD)
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speech disorders resulting from neurologic impairments affecting the motor planning, programming, neurolmuscular control, or execution. (They include dysarthria and apraxia)
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Does the PNS consist of both cranial and spinal nerves?
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Yes
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t/f the dorsal roots of the spinal cord are motor
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false
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The spinal nerves enter the _____ level as they emerge from ______
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peripheral, vertebral column
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Meninges consists of:
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dura (tough membrane), arachnoid, and pia mater (soft membrane)
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Where is cerebrospinal fluid located?
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In the subarachnoid space
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the posterior cerebral arteries are branches of the _____________________ system
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vertebrobasilar
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the anterior cerebral arteries and the middle cerebral arteries are part of the ______________________ system
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carotid
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Name origin and motor and sensory function of CN 5
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Trigeminal
Pons Jaw movement, Face, mouth, jaw sensation |
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Name origin and motor and sensory function of CN 7
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Facial
Pons Facial movement, hyoid elevation, stapedius reflex salivation, taste |
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Name origin and motor and sensory function of CN 9
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Glossopharyngeal
Medulla Pharyngeal movement pharynx and tongue sensation, taste |
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Name origin and motor and sensory function of CN 10
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vagus
medulla pharyngeal, palatal, and laryngeal movement pharyngeal sensation, control of visceral organs |
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Name origin and motor and sensory function of CN 11
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Accessory
medulla and spinal cord shoulder and neck movement |
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Name origin and motor and sensory function of CN 12
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Hypoglossal
medulla tongue movement |
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Primary functions of cerebrospinal fluid are to:
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1-cushion and protect CNS
2-maintain a stable environment (homeostasis) |
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What makes up the CSF system?
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1) ventricular system
2) subarachnoid space |
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What system is the "lifeblood" of the nervous system?
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The Vascular System
-it provides oxygen and other nutrients to neural structures and removes metabolic wastes from them |
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Blood enters the brain by way of which two systems?
(subsets of vascular system) |
-carotid system
-vertebrobasilar system (these systems communicate with one another through the circle of willis) |
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what are the major structures of the posterior fossa?
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brainstem, cerebellum, origins of CN 3-12
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The Final Common Pathway is also known as the_____
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Lower Motor Neuron
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All motor activity is mediated through what?
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The final common pathway (LMN)
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When a message is sent to a muscle, the muscle __________
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contracts
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What is the contractile element of skeletal muscles?
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extrafusal muscle fibers
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Extrafusal muscle fibers are under direct control of what?
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LMNs or alpha motor neurons
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t/f: each muscle fiber will receive input from only one branch of an alpha motor neuron
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False
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What is a motor unit
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An LMN and the muscle fibers innervated by it are known as a motor unit.
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T.F Renshaw cells can inhibit alpha motoneurons through negative feedback
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TRUE
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t/f: motor nerves contain alpha and gamma motor neurons
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true
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t/f: gamma motor neurons innervate extrafusal muscle fibers
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false....they innervate intrafusal muscle fibers
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intrafusal muscle fibers are also known as
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muscle spindles
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Describe the stretch reflex
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1) When a muscle is stretched by movement (due to contraction of the other muscle) so is the spindle
2) This is detected by sensory receptors (annulospinal endings) in the spindles that trigger impulses back to the brainstem and spinal cord where they synapse with alpha motor neurons. The alpha motor neuron fires 3) The alpha motor neurons directs impulses back to extrafusal muscle fibers, stimulating them to contract (and resists the stretch) until they are the same length as the muscle spindles. |
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since each muscle fiber may be innervated by several alpha motor neurons....
-some damage=_______ -all damaged=__________ |
some=weakness
all=paralysis |
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if muscles are not innervated..they will eventuallly under go....
spontanous motor unit activity leads to____ |
atrophy
fasiculations |
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damage to LMNs result in
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-atrophy and fasiculations
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Cranial nerves and spinal nerves are part of the FCP
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true
(also LMN and peripheral nervous system) |
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All LMNs are ipsilateral
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TRUE
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All UMNs are ipsilateral EXCEPT
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Facial (7)
Hypoglossal (12) |
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t/f Hypoglossal and facial nerve are innervated ipsilaterally
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FALSE..they are contralateral
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All LMNs are ipsilateral
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TRUE
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All UMNs are ipsilateral EXCEPT
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Facial (7)
Hypoglossal (12) |
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t/f Hypoglossal and facial nerve are innervated ipsilaterally
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FALSE..they are contralateral
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does a unilateral lesion to the 5th cranial nerve have a significant impact on speech?
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NO, but bilateral would
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3 branches of the trigeminal nerve____
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Opthalmic (sensation)
Maxillary (sensation) Mandibular (sensory & motor): |
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A LMN lesion to teh 7th CN would affect what part of the face?
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LMN lesions of 7th nerve can paralyze muscles on the entire ipsilateral side of the face. Affects all voluntary, emotional and reflex movements, and atrophy occurs, resulting in facial asymmetry. Fasciculations may be seen in the perioral area and chin.
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If there is a unilateral UMN lesion to teh 7th cranial nerve....
If there was bilateral damage? |
Upper face will be fine
lower face...opposite will be affected bilateral damage=whole face affected |
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How can you tell if the origin is UMN or LMN?
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UMN: weakness
LMN: atrophy and fasiculations |
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t/f: damage to the 9th CN (glossopharyngeal) is usually accomparied with damage to which other nerve?
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10 Vagus
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Damage to 9th CN results in what?
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Associated with reduced pharyngeal sensation & decrease in gag reflex
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What is the basic function of the Final Common Pathway?
What are the major structures? |
stimulates muscle contraction and movement
cranial and spinal nerves |
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What is the basic function of the Direct Activation Pathway?
What are the major structures? |
influences consciously controlled, skilled voluntary movement
Corticobulbar tracts Corticospinal tracts |
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What is the basic function of the indirect activation pathway?
What are the major structures? |
subconscious, automatic muscle activities (posture, tone, movement that supports voluntary movement)
Corticorubral tracts Corticoreticular tracts. Rubrospinal, reticulospinal vestibulospinal and related tracts to relevant cranial nerves |
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What is the basic function of the control circuits?
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integration of sensory info
activities of direct and indirect activation pathways to control movement |
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What is the basic function of basal ganglia?
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plan and program postural and supportive components of motor activity
BG, substantia nigra, subthalamus, cerbral cortex |
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What is the basic function of the cerebellar division?
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integrates and coordinates execution of smooth, directed movements
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gamma motor neurons activity is strongly influenced by what? (3)
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1) cerebellum
2) basal ganliga 3) indirect activation pathways of CNS |
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alpha motor neuron activity is strongly indluenced by what?
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direct activation pathways
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gamma motor neurons are crucial in maintaining what?>
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muscle tone
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describe pre-set movement (no stretching)
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1) gamma motor neuron fires and causes muscle spindle to contract
2) shortening is detected by annulospiral endings (sensory receptors) triggers impulse back to spinal cord or brainstem, synapse with alpha motor neuron 3) alpha motor neuron directs iimpulse back to extrafusal muscle fibers..stimulates them to contract until tehy are the same length as muscle spindles 3) |
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what does teh gamma loop consist of?
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gamma motor neuron
muscle spindle stretch receptor sensory neuron LMN extrafusal muscle fiber |
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Why is the internal capsule important?
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it is a region that contains all afferent and efferent fibers thta project to and from the cortex
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what is the region that contains all afferent adn efferent fibers that project to and from the cortex?
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internal capsule
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fibers from which cervical nerves combine to form phrenic nerves? (each of which innervates half of diaphragm)
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3rd, 4th, and 5th
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The spinal nerves supply muslces of the shoulder and neck involved in_______________ indirectly
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respiration, phonation (voice), resonance, articulation
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dorsal respiratory neurons in medulla=
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inspiration
(apneustic center (lower pons) serves as an additional drive to inspiration) |
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ventral respiratory neurons in medulla=
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expiration
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t/f the direct activation pathway is also known as the pyramidal tract or direct motor tract
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true
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direct activation pathway is LMN or UMN?
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UMN
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where does the direct activation pathway orignate?
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cortex of both hemisphers
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Three characteristics of motor cortex organization
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1. Striated muscles are represented in an upside down fashion along motor strip (homunculus)
2. Number of motoneurons devoted to striated muscle is allocated according to degree to which fine control of voluntary movement is required 3. Motor cortex is organized in columns of neurons extending vertically from surface to deeper lays of cortex. |
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t.f: corona radiata converges into compact band known as the internal capsule
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true
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what converges into a compact band thats called the internal capsule?
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corona radiata (corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts)
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what are teh three major parts of teh internal capsule?
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anterior limb, genu, posterior limb
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t/f: Even small internal capsule lesions can produce widespread motor deficits
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true
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a lesion in which part of teh internal capsule will have teh largest impact on speech?
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genu and posterior limb
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damage to DAP results in what?
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reduction of voluntary, skilled movement
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