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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Testcross
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- Cross between an individual with an unknown genotype and an individual with the homozygous recessive genotype
- Used to test for linkage - Reveals genotype |
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Genotype
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Genetic makeup of an organism
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Dosage Compensation
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Mechanism that equalizes the activity of genes in the 2 sexes
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Sex Determination
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Mechanism that generates phenotypic differences in the 2 sexes
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Reciprocal Cross
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Type of cross used to test the role of parental sex on inheritance pattern (used in testing the white locus of Drosophila)
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Mitosis: Prophase
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Chromosomes condense and mitotic spindle forms
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Mitosis: Metaphase
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Chromosomes align on the spindle assembly checkpoint
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Mitosis: Anaphase
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SISTER CHROMATIDS SEPARATE, becoming individual chromatids that migrate toward spindle poles
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Mitosis: Telophase/Cytokinesis
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Chromosomes arrive at spindle poles; envelope reforms; condensed chromosomes relax; cytoplasm divides
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Meiosis I: Prophase
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Chromosomes condense; CROSSING OVER OCCURS
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Meiosis I: Metaphase
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Homologous pairs line up
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Meiosis I: Anaphase
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2 chromosomes of each pair separate and move to opposite poles
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Meiosis I: Telophase
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Chromosomes arrive at spindle poles
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Meiosis I: Cytokinesis
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Cytoplasm divides, 2 cells are formed
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Meiosis II: Prophase
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Chromosomes condense; spindle forms; nuclear envelope disintegrates
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Meiosis II: Metaphase
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Individual chromosomes line up
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Meiosis II: Anaphase
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Sister chromatids separate and move as individual chromosomes
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Meiosis II: Telophase
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Chromosomes arrive; spindle breaks down; nuclear envelope reforms
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Meiosis II: Cytokinesis
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Cytoplasm divides; 4 cells are formed
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Allele
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Alternate form of a gene
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Codominance
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Phenotype of the heterozygote includes the phenotypes of both homozygotes (ABO blood types)
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Incomplete Dominance
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Heterozygote has a phenotype intermediate between the phenotypes of the 2 homozygotes (red, pink*, white flowers)
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Genomic Imprinting
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Differential expression of a gene depending on whether it was inherited from the father or mother
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Sex-Influenced
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Characteristic encoded by AUTOSOMAL genes that are more readily expressed in one sex
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Sex-Linked
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Determined by a gene located on one of the sex chromosomes (X-linked on X, Y-linked on Y)
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One allele may mask the presence of another
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Principle of Dominance
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Alleles separate from one another during meiosis
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Principle of Segregation
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Alleles of different genes segregate independently
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Principle of Independent Assortment
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Penetrance
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The proportion of individuals with a specific genotype at the phenotype level,
OR the chance that an individual will show the characteristic if they have the corresponding genotype |
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Epistasis
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When the effects of a gene hides/masks the effect of another gene
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Coefficient of Coincidence
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C= # observed DCO / # expected DCO
* # expected DCO = (r1)(r2)(total) |
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Interference
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I = 1 - C
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Genetic Map Distance (Linkage)
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r = # of recombination / total population
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Drosophila Sex Determination Ratios
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X/A > 1 (Metafemale)
X/A < 0.5 (Metamale) 1 > X/A > 0.5 (Intersex) |
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Autosomal Recessive
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- Equal frequency in both sexes
- Seems to skip generations |
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Autosomal Dominant
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- Equal frequency in both sexes
- Does NOT skip generations - Affected have at least ONE affected parent |
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X-linked Dominant
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- Affects males and females
- Males pass to daughters (NOT sons!) - Affected male must have affected mother |
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X-linked Recessive
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- More often in males
- NOT passed from father to son |
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Y-linked trait
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Only in males and passed to ALL sons
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Bombay Phenotype
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- Rare exception to accepted single-locus determination of ABO blood types
- Rare h allele at a separate, epistatic locus, found in people of Indian descent - Individuals with genotype hh have blood type O, regardless of ABO genotype (H antigen is precursor for A and B antigens) |
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How do you find the Chi-Square preliminary ratios?
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(Phenotype Data / Total) * 16
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Chi-Square Value Equation
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(O-E)^2/E
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Chi-Square Hypothesis
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The mode of inheritance of [trait name] in [organism] is [type of inheritance].
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Chi-Square Genetic Conclusion
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The data for [trait name] in [organism] is/is not significantly different from the [type of inheritance] hypothesis at the 5% significance level.
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P(A and B) =
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P(A) * P(B)
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P(A or B) =
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P(A) + P(B)
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Backcross
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A cross between the F1 generation and the parental type
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Expressivity
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The degree to which a particular phenotype is expressed
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Fatal Mutation
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Will eventually kill the individual after birth
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Lethal Mutation
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Will kill the individual prenatally
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Genetic Maternal Effect
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Genotype of the maternal parent determines the phenotype of the offspring (snail coiling)
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How do you determine gene order in a recombination problem?
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Compare NCO and DCO (difference goes in the middle)
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How do you determine if a gene of interest is in a deletion region with deletion mapping?
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Homozygous recessive mutation on gene of interest crossed with heterozygous for deletion
- in region? 1/2 mutants - not in region? all W/T |
