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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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5 Distinct Eras of American Public Planning
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The City Beautiful Movement
Civil Engineering & Public Health Concerns The Municipal Reform Movement The Social Reform Movement The Environmental Revolution |
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3 Definitions of Community
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A social group of any size whose members reside in a specific locality, share a government and often have a common cultural and historical heritage.
A locality inhabited by social group of any size whose members reside in a specific locality, share a government and often have a common cultural and historical heritage. A social, religious, occupational or other group sharing common characteristics or interests and perceived or perceiving itself as distinct in some respect from the larger society within which it exists. |
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4 elements that contribute to a sense of community
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Membership
Influence Integration and fulfillment of needs Shared emotional connection |
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Social Capital
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The connections among individuals , that is the social networks and the norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness that arise from them. (Putnam, Bowling Alone, p. 19)
Bonding Capital – the strength of relationships between members of the same group Bridging Capital – the strength of relationships between diverse groups of people |
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Types of Communities
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Civic
Political Religious Workplace Unions Professional Organizations |
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Comprehensive Plan
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Policy Document
Long Range – 20-30 year planning horizon Plan for the physical development of a community, and is concerned with: Land use Transportation Public facilities Infrastructure Natural and environmental resources Housing Socio-economic issues Economic development Fiscal aspects of growth and change |
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Visioning
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A process of identifying what the citizens of a community want for the future.
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SWOT Analysis
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Strengths
Weaknesses Opportunities Threats |
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Focus Group
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Face-to-face interviews
Small groups – usually represent particular interests Environmental groups Development interests Chamber of commerce leaders Parks and recreation interests Ask open ended questions Try to find out how the participants feel |
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Character Areas
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Special geographic areas that have:
Unique or special characteristics, or The potential to evolve into a unique area when provided specific and intentional guidance, or Require special attention due to unique development issues |
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8 Characteristics of Stable Neighborhoods
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Housing and Socioeconomic Diversity
Land-Use Mix Density and Intensity of Development Neighborhood Connections Pedestrian Facilities Street Design Parks and Open Space Neighborhood Institutions |
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2 Federal Policy Decisions that have contributed to Urban Sprawl
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FHA and VA loan programs
11M new single-family homes Discouraged renovation of existing homes Row houses, mixed use housing excluded Interstate Highway Act of 1956 Federal and local subsidies for road improvements, not mass transit 41,000 miles of interstate highways |
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7 Negative Effects of Contemporary Suburban Development
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Cul-de-sac kids
Soccer Moms Bored Teenagers Stranded Elderly Weary Commuters Bankrupt municipalities The Immobile Poor |
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Social Fabric
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the formal organizations, family relationships, informal relationships, political organizations and religious activities that make up an area*
* (Anthony Downs, Neighborhoods and Urban Development, p.21) |
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10 Principals of Smart Growth
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Collaboration
Predictability Direct Growth Preservation Distinctive Communities Compact Growth Mixed Uses Transportation Options Housing Options Walkability |
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Stakeholder
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one who is involved in or affected by a course of action*
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Empowerment
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a multi-dimensional social process that helps people gain control over their own lives*
Multi-dimensional - occurs within sociological, psychological, economic, and other dimensions. Social - occurs at various levels individual, group, and community Process – develops as we work through it |
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Environmental Justice
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The fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies.*
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The City Beautiful Movement
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Chicago's World Fair 1893.
Daniel Burnham (leading architect) Frederick Law Olmsted (park designer) The White City |
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Civil Engineering and Public Health Concerns
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Filthy crowded conditions
Tainted Water Untreated Sewage Epidemics |
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The Municipal Reform Movement
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1920's
Corrupt elected officials Scientific approach to Urban Management City Manager form of government Professional Accounting Practices 2 Acts: The Standard Zoning Enabling Act The Standard Planning Enabling Act |
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The Social Reform Movement
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1950's-1960's
Targeted the appalling living conditions of working people Jacob Riis (How the Other Half Lives) Large scale Urban renewal environmental equity |
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The Environmental Revolution
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1960's
Rachel Carson's (Silent Spring) Pollution awareness Clean Water Act Clean Air Act National Environmental Protection Act Endangered Species Act Ian McHarg's (Design with Nature) encouraged mapping and understanding of wetlands, floodplains, soils,hillsides, erosion-prone areas and vegetation patterns |
