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8 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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The conclusion
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the main point or central claim of the argument.
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• Therefore
• Clearly •Thus • So • Hence • Consequently •In conclusion |
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Premises
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reasons, statistics, or evidence—the author provides to support the conclusion
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Since
As a result of Because Suppose |
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Why Test
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Identify the conclusion, and ask why it’s true. Restate the conclusion and premises in your own words, and write them down in shorthand form on your noteboard.
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Find the Gap
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Look for words, ideas, or conditions mentioned in the conclusion that were not mentioned in the premises.
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The weak point of every argument lies in the gap between the indisputable premises and the disputable conclusion.
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The assumption
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the unstated part of the argument that is required to connect the premises to the conclusion.
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Causal Arguments
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a argument where the author assumes that an observed result can be explained by a single cause, factor, or reason.
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An author might wrongly assume::::
Because two things are related, one caused the other (correlation equals causality). There are no other possible causes of or explanations for a result. The causality did not occur in reverse. |
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Sampling and Statistical Flaws
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accept the facts provided in the premises as true. Find the gap by questioning the conclusion the author draws using those facts.
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trengthen these arguments by showing the sample or statistics are sufficient to prove the conclusion. Weaken these arguments by showing the author misinterpreted the evidence. Show that the sample is not representative of the whole or that the percentages are not representative of the total populations.
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Analogy Arguments
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When an author bases a conclusion on a comparison, he or she assumes that the items are similar and that what is true for one is true for the other.
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Strengthen these arguments by providing another reason why the items in question are comparable. Weaken these arguments by showing the items are not similar.
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