Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Hexokinase |
Phase 1: Step 1 Enzyme that phosphorylates hexoses (six-carbon sugars), forming hexose phosphate Result: Glucose --------> Glucose-6-Phosphate |
|
|
Kinase |
Enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups from high-energy, phosphate-donating molecules (ATP) to another compount |
|
|
Phosphoglucoisomerase |
Converts Isomer Glucose-6-Phosphate into Fructose-6-Phosphate. |
|
|
Isomerase |
Enzymes which convert a molecule from one isomer to another -Catalyzes Confirmational Changes |
|
|
Phosphofructo-kinase |
-Enzyme that phosphorylates fructose 6-phosphate into Fructose-1,6,-biphosphate -An enzyme-catalysed transfer of a phosphoryl group from ATP (1 ATP UNIT USED) -IRREVERSIBLE STEP!!! |
|
|
Aldolase |
Enzyme that performs an aldol reaction (creating an aldol) or its reverse (cleaving an aldol) -In Glycolysis: Splits Fructose-1,6-Biphosphate into (2) 3-Carbon Sugars that are ISOMERS of each other (DHAP & Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate) |
|
|
Lyase |
Enzymes cleaving C-C, C-O, C-N, and other bonds by elimination -Forms new double bonds or ring structures - Require only ONE substrate for the reaction in one direction, but TWO substrates for the reverse reaction |
|
|
Triose Phosphate Isomerase |
Enzyme that isomerizes DHAP into Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate (ISOMERS of eachother) |
|
|
Hydrogenase |
Deals with Oxidation-Reduction |
|
|
Phosphatase |
enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphate esters |
|
|
Tautomer |
-constitutional isomers of organic compounds that readily interconvert by a chemical reaction called "tautomerization" -Reaction commonly results in the formal migration of a hydrogen atom or proton, accompanied by a switch of a single bond and adjacent double bond. |
|
|
PEP |
-Phosphoenolpyruvate -The Enol configuration forces the Phosphate group to be in a linear configuration at the C-2 bond - Makes it HIGHLY UNSTABLE with HIGH Electrostatic Repulsion |
|
|
Hydrolyzing PEP |
Results in the enol of pyruvate, plus an Inorganic Phosphate (Pi) Equilibrium between the enol and the keto forms is in favor of Keto form. |
|
|
Pyruvate's other names |
2-keto-propionic acid keto-propionic acid |
|
|
Phosphorylation in Step 10 is ____________. |
NON-OXIDATIVE |
|
|
∆G° of ADP--------->ATP |
+7.3 kCal/mol |
|
|
NAD+ regneration |
NAD+ must be restored to NAD to move on with Glycolysis (Step 6) |
|
|
Ways to restore NAD (Solo Pyruvate method) |
-Pyruvate molecule is involved with every restoration method 1) Pyruvate regenerates NAD+---->NAD by itself and Pyruvate is reduced (+2----> 0) 2) Compound produced= L-lactate |
|
|
Enzyme involved with L-Lactate production |
Lactate Dehydrogenase |
|
|
Major Coenzyme in Alcoholic Fermentation |
Thiamine Pyrophosphate (TPP) |
|
|
Enzymes involved with irreversible reactions (Regulation control Point) |
1) Hexokinase 2) Phosphofructokinase 3) Pyruvate Kinase ALL 3 HAVE LARGE (-) ∆G°'s |
|
|
Most important control point regulating enzyme in Glycolysis |
Phosphofructokinase |
|
|
Lots of Glucose = Lots of |
ATP production |
|
|
Allosteric Inhibitors |
-Molecules that bind to a receptor site and retard the progress of an enzyme -Important when too much Glucose is around when it isnt needed for energy. |
|
|
Allosteric Inhibitors in Glycolysis (Examples) |
-High Levels of ATP inhibit Phosphofructokinase -High Levels of H+ inhibit Phosphofructokinase -High levels of CITRATE inhibit Phosphofructokinase |
|
|
Acidosis |
-Results from the production of too many H+ ions. -Blood pH drops |
|
|
Common molecules ATP is converted into |
1) ADP (Adenosine diphosphate) 2) AMP (Adenosine monophosphate) |
|
|
What molecule STIMULATES the activity of Phosphofructokinase? |
HIGH levels of AMP (Adenosine monophosphate) |
|
|
NAD+ |
NAD⁺ is an electron carrier that accepts a pair of high energy electrons. NAD⁺ helps to pass energy from glucose to other pathways in the cell. |
