Glycolysis

Front 1

Positive regulation

Back 1

insulin--[AMP]=> stops cAMP & causes PFK2 to be made
which stimulates F2,6 phos
which stimulates PFK-1
which participates in glycolysis

Front 2

Rxn 4:Aldolase

Back 2

(gives 2 products)
-reversible
1.F-1,6-bisphos--[aldolase]=> dihyroxyacetone phosphate (synth of triglycerides)
2.F-1,6-bisphos--[aldolase]=> glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (goes through glycolysis,yields E)

Front 3

Rxn 5: Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

Back 3

-1st E YIELDING STEP
G3P--[G3Phos dehydrogenase+NAD+Pi]=> 1,3-bisphospo glycerate & H+ & NADH which go on to mitochondria for ox phos
-reversible
-inhibited by arsenate b/c competes w/ Pi

Front 4

Rxn 6:Phosphoglycerate kinase

Back 4

-1,3 biphosphoglycerate--[phosphoglycerate kinase+ADP]=> 3-phosphglycerate & ATP
-only rxn that involves ATP in glycolysis or glucogenesis
-1st YIELD OF ATP from glycolysis
-reversible

Front 5

Rxn 7:phosphoglycerate mutase

Back 5

3PG--[phosphoglycerate mutase]=> 2 phosphoglycerate

Front 6

Rxn 8:Enolase

Back 6

2PG--[enolase]=>PEP (phosphoenolpyruvate)
-inhibited by fluoride

Front 7

Rxn 9: Pyruvate kinase

Back 7

PEP--[pyruvate kinase+ADP+H]=>pyruvate & ATP
- the pyruvate goes on to TCA cycle
-highly regulated
-very exergonic
-inhibited by glucagon & inc E charge
-activated by F-1,6 bisphosphate

Front 8

Anaerobic glycolysis

Back 8

-pyruvate is made but then goes on to be converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase
-lactate goes out of the cell & into the bld
-NAD+ must be made continulally or else no ATP for rxns w/ glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase
-occurs in erythrocytes & ischemic

Front 9

Impairment of glycolysis

Back 9

-genetic:rare cause of anemia b/c of pyruvate kinase deficiency ,AR
occurs w/ 2,3 BPG compensation & reduces pathogenesis in erythrocytes
Inhibitors:
fluoride=enolase
arsenate=G3P
arsenite=inactivates lipoic acid enzymes which are needed in the 1st rxn of TCA

Front 10

TCA cycle

Back 10

-occurs under aerobic condtions
-pyruvate from glycolysis is taken to mito & oxidized which forms co2,H2O,NADH & 15 ATP/pyruvate
-when E charge is dec in cell,pyruvate is oxidized
-once in mito pyruvate encounters 2 enzymes:pyruvate carboxylase & PDH

Front 11

Pyruvate carboxylase

Back 11

-is in a cell w/ high E
-pyruvate enters cell & CoA is acetylated
-this activates pyruvate carboxylase
-which directs pyruvate to gluconeogenesis
-defeciencies lead to lactic acid build up & CNS damage

Front 12

PDH

Back 12

-dec E in cell inhibits pyruv carbox
-pyruvate is metabolized via PDH