Glycogen Storage And Formation, Beta Oxidation

Front 1

In the absence of carbohydrates, ___ used first

Back 1

actin and myosin

Front 2

Glycogen usually composed of ___ glucose monomers

Back 2

10,000-50,000

Front 3

2 types of glycogen, where found

Back 3

Beta particle=1 glycogen molecule, found in muscle

Alpha particles=glycogen aggregates, found in liver

Front 4

Enzymes used in the Biosynthesis of Glycogen

Back 4

Hexokinase
Phosphoglucomutase
UDP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase
Glycogen Synthetase
Amylo(1--4 --> 1,6) transglycosylase

Front 5

Hexokinase

Back 5

Glucose to Glucose-6-Phosphate
irreversible

Front 6

Phosphoglucomutase

Back 6

Glucose-6-Phosphate to Glucose-1-Phosphate

Front 7

UDP-Glucose pyrophosphorylase

Back 7

Glucose-1-Phosphate+UTP to UDP=Glucose+ PPi

Front 8

Glycogen Synthetase

Back 8

Glycogen+UDP-Glucose to Glycogen+UDP
irreversible

Front 9

UDP-Glucose pyrophosphorylase also known as

Back 9

UDP-Glucose Uridyl transferase also known as

Front 10

Amylo(1--4 --> 1,6) transglycosylase

Back 10

Conversion of the 1--4 linkage in glycogen to 1---6 linkage

Front 11

Glucogenin

Back 11

Starts formation of glyucogen by creating the first few 1--4 linkages

Front 12

Enzymes involved in the Metabolism of Glycogen

Back 12

Glycogen Phosphorylase
Phosphoglucomutase
Glucose-6-Phosphatase
alpha-1-6-glucosidase

Front 13

Glycogen Phosphorylase

Back 13

Glycogen+Pi to Glucose-1-Phosphate + Glycogen

Front 14

Phosphoglucomutase(metabolism)

Back 14

Glucose-1-Phosphate to Glucose-6-Phosphate

Front 15

Glucose-6-Phosphatase

Back 15

Glucose-6-Phosphate to Glucose+Pi

Front 16

alpha 1-6 Glucosidase

Back 16

breaks Glucose 1--6 Linkages
Glycogen to Glucose+Glycogen

Front 17

Regulation of Glycogen(2 points)

Back 17

Glycogen Synthetase
Glycogen Phosphorylase

Front 18

Glycogen Synthetase regulated by

Back 18

covalent modification of 9 serine residues.

Phosphorylation=inactive

Front 19

Glycogen Phosphorylase regulated by

Back 19

covalent modification
Phosphorylated=active

Front 20

Von Glerke Disease a deficiency in

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Glucose-6-Phosphotase or the assosciated transport

Front 21

Cori Disease a deficiency in

Back 21

alpha-1,6 glucosidase

Front 22

Anderson's disease a deficiency in

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Amylo(1--4 --> 1,6) transglycosylase

Front 23

McArdle's Disease a deficiency in

Back 23

muscle glycogen phosphorylase

Front 24

4 Basic Functions of Lipids

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1.Building blocks of Phospholipids and Glycolipids
2. Modification or proteins to make lipoproteins(inc solubility, prodection of n-terminus)
3.Energy
4. Precursors of Hormones

Front 25

2 types of lipids

Back 25

Triacylglycerols
Glycerophospholipids

Front 26

Which carbon is the site of beta oxidation

Back 26

C3

Front 27

Carbon at the end of a fatty acid chain labeled as

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omega carbon

Front 28

Fatty Acids with double bonds labeled as

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Cis/Trans
Delta
Superscript with C# of double bond

Front 29

Common Name: C12 fatty acid

Back 29

Laurate

Front 30

Common Name: C14 fatty acid

Back 30

Myristate

Front 31

Common Name: C16 fatty acid, no double bonds

Back 31

Palmitate

Front 32

Common Name: C16 fatty acid, one double bond

Back 32

Palmitoleate

Front 33

Common Name: C18 fatty acid, no double bonds

Back 33

Stearate

Front 34

Common Name: C18 fatty acid, 1 double bond

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Oleate

Front 35

Common Name: C18 fatty acid, 2 double bonds

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Linoleate

Front 36

Common Name: C20 fatty acid, no double bonds

Back 36

Arachidate

Front 37

Common Name: C20 fatty acid, 4 double bonds

Back 37

Arachidonate

Front 38

Glycerol condensed with ___ forms a triacylglycerol

Back 38

3 fatty acids

Front 39

Ethanolamine as X group,
characteristics, common name

Back 39

Phosphotidylethanolamine(PE)
Common Name: Cephalin
Zwitterionic
Increases Solubility

Front 40

Choline as X group
characteristics, common name

Back 40

Phosphotidylcholine(PC)
Common Name: Lecithin
Charged at all pH levels
Increases Solubility(more than PE)

Front 41

Serine as X group

Back 41

Phosphotidylserine(PS)
Can be quickly processed into extracellular messengers
Increases Solubility

Front 42

Inositol as X group

Back 42

Phosphotidylinositol
Used as signaling molecules when phosphorylated
3 phosphorylations
known as the love molecule

Front 43

Cardiolipin

Back 43

Major Component of mitochondrial membranes, unique to its structure

Front 44

Dipalmoitoyl Lecithin

Back 44

Lung Surfactant that prevents atelosis

Front 45

3 primary messengers used in the mobilization of fatty acids

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Glucagon
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
Epinephrine

Front 46

Insulin is a ___ in the mobilization process

Back 46

receptor antagonist

Front 47

Adenylate Cyclase role in Mobilization

Back 47

produces cAMP

Front 48

function of cAMP in the mobilization process

Back 48

binds to protein kinase, activating it

Front 49

Protein kinase function in mobilization

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Phosphorylates triacylglycerol lipase

Front 50

Triacylglycerol Lipase

Back 50

Adds water across ester linkage to release a fatty acid

Front 51

function of phosphotase in mobilization

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deactivates triacylglycerol lipase

Front 52

Diacylglycerol Lipase

Back 52

Diacylglycerol to monoacylglycerol+fatty acid

Front 53

monoacylglycerol lipase

Back 53

monoacylglycerol to glycerol+fatty acid

Front 54

2 Enzymes that function on glycerol

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Glycerol kinase
glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase

Front 55

Glycerol Kinase

Back 55

Glycerol to Glycerol-3-phosphate

Front 56

glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase

Back 56

Glycerol-3-phosphate to DHAP

Front 57

Acyl CoA Synthetase

Back 57

lifts fatty acid from AMP

Front 58

3 Enzymes used in the beginning of fatty acid metabolism

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Acyl CoA Synthetase
Carnitine Acyltransferase I
Carnitine Acyltransferase II

Front 59

Carnitine Acyl Transferase I

Back 59

Transfers fatty acid to the 2nd hydroxyl group in carnitine

Front 60

Carnitine Transporter

Back 60

Recognizes Fatty Acid+Carnitine for transport into cell

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Carnitine Acyltransferase II

Back 61

Puts fatty acid back onto CoA for transport to beta oxidation

Front 62

4 Enzymes involved in Beta Oxidation

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Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase
Enoyl CoA Hydratase
Beta-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenase
AcylCoA Acetyl Transferase(Thiolase)

Front 63

Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase

Back 63

Alkane to Alkene(Double bond at C2-C3)

Front 64

Enoyl CoA Hydratase

Back 64

Addition of Water to form an alcohol on C3

Front 65

Beta-hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenase

Back 65

conversion of alcohol to ketone

Front 66

AcylCoA Acetyl Transferase(thiolase)

Back 66

Sulfur on CoA attacks carbonyl, removing C1 and C2 attached to a CoA

Front 67

Enzymes used in Processing of unsaturated fatty acids

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AcylCoA Dehydrogenase
2,4 Dienoyl CoA Reductase
Enoyl CoA Isomerase

Front 68

2,4 Dienoyl CoA Reductase

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Energetically Expensive Step
Merging of 2 double bonds(C2-C3 and C4-C5) to form 1 at C3-C4

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Enoyl CoA Isomerase

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Isomerization of double bond to C2-C3 position

Front 70

Acetoacetate

Back 70

used for fuel in brain in the absence of glucose

normally used by heart and kidneys

Front 71

Aggregation of acetoacetyl CoA forms__and causes___

Back 71

ketone bodies
downregulation of lipolysis

Front 72

Role of Insulin(5)

Back 72

increase glu transport into cells
inc AA transport into cells
inc synth. of prot and glycogen
inhibit fatty acid mobilization
decrease expression of glucagon