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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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remnants of burrows and tunnels by clams, worms, etc
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bioturbation
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low slope, economically valuable (fisheries, oil drilling)
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continental shelf
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high slope turbidities
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continental slope
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lower slope at the base of continental slope
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continental rise
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deep sea, more or less flat
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abyssal plain
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small dunes of sand or silt whose long dimension is at right angles with the current
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ripples
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coarse grains at base and progressively finer grains towards the top
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graded bedding
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sets of bedded material deposited at angles as large as 35 degrees
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cross-bedding
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measure of the variation in grain sizes in a clastic rock or sediment
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sorting
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parallel layers of grains of different size or compositions.
-generally horizontal at the time of deposition (except cross-bedding) |
bedding (stratification)
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1. erosion
2. transportation 3. deposition 4. burial 5. diagenesis |
stages of weathering
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rock formed by the precipitation of minerals from solution by either organic or inorganic processes
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chemical metamorphism
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rock resulting from the consolidation of loose sediment that has been derived from previously existing rocks and accumulated in layers
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clastic
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the physical and chemical changes
-heat -pressure -chemical reactions by which buried sediments are lithified and become sedimentary rocks |
diagenesis
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the set of processes that loosen soil and rock and move them downhill or downstream where they are deposited as layers of sediment
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erosion
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all the processes by which masses of rock and soil move downhill under the influence of gravity
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mass wasting
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a weathering product composed of fragments of bedrock, clay, minerals and organic matter
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soil
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the weathering that occurs when the minerals in a rock are chemically altered or dissolved
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chemical weathering
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the white to cream-colored clay produced by the weathering of feldspar
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kaolinite
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a measure of a substance's tendency to remain in a given chemical form rather than reacting spontaneously to become a different chemical substance
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chemical stability
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the principle iron ore; the most abundant iron oxide at Earth's surface
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hematite
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a crack in a rock along which there has been no appreciable movement
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joints
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a physical weathering process in which the expansion of freezing water in a crack breaks a rock
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frost wedging
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a physical weathering process in which large flat or curved sheets of rock fracture and are detached from an outcrop
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exfoliation
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weathering in which solid rock is fragmented by mechanical processes that do not change its chemical composition
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physical weathering
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occurs when a meteorite clashes with Earth
-high temperature (collision is hot) and high pressure metamorphism |
shock metamorphism
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occurs along mid-ocean ridges
-seawater percolates down into oceanic crust, causing chemical reactions between water and rock |
seafloor metamorphism
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metamorphism occuring at high pressure (8-12 KBar) and ultra high-pressure (>28 KBar)
-rarely exposed at the surface |
high (ultra-high) pressure metamorphism
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metamorphism in which buried sedimentary rocks are altered by the progressive increase is pressure exerted by overlying sediments and sedimentary rocks and by the increase in heat associated with increaed depth in burial in the Earth
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low-grade (burial) metamorphism
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localized metamorphism, usually due to an igneous intrusion
-high temps |
contact metamorphism
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widespread metamorphic activity that occurs over large areas, where temperatures and pressures are high
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regional metamorphism
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pressure exerted in one particular direction causes distortion in a rock
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directed pressure
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pressure applied equally in all directions. Rock maintains original shape, but gets smaller equally in all directions
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confining pressure
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a set of flat or wavy parallel planes produced by deformation
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foliation
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mineral changes that take place during a decrease in temperature and pressure
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retrograde
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mineral changes that take place during an increase in temperature and pressure
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prograde
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connect locations on a map where index minerals first appear (divide regions into metamorphic zones)
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isograds
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a characteristic mineral that defines a metamorphic zone
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index mineral
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a fracture with relative movement of rock on both sides of it, parallel to the fracture
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fault
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layer of deformed rock
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fold
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compass direction of a rock layer as it intersects with a horizontal surface
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strike
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the amount of tilt. The angle at which a bed is inclined from the horizontal. The direction a drop of water travels when dropped on a rock layer.
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dip
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forces that stretch and pull formations apart, dominate at divergent boundaries, where plates move away from each other
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tensional forces
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forces that squeeze and shorten rock formations, dominate at convergent boundaries, where plates move towards each other
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compressive forces
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forces that push two sides of a formation in opposite directions, dominate at transform fault boundaries, where plates slide past each other
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shearing forces
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undergoes little deformation until it breaks suddenly. Example: candy cane
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brittle material
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undergoes smooth and continuous deformation. Does not spring back to original shpae once deforming force is released. Example: caramel
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ductile material
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a crack along which there has been little appreciable movement. A nondisplaced fracture
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joints
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a fracture with relative motion of the rocks on either side of it
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faults
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upfolds or arches
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anticline
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downfolds or troughs
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synclines
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imaginary surface that divides the two halves (limbs) of a fold
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axial plane
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broad circular or oval structure made of rock layers. An anticlinal structure.
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dome
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bowl-shpaed depression. Synclinal structure.
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basin
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the principle that sediments are deposited as essentially horizontal beds
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principle of original horizontality
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the principle that each layer of sedimentary rock in a tectonically undisturbed sequence is younger than the one beneath it and older than the one above it
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principle of superposition
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principle that states that the layers of sedimentary rocks in an outcrop contain fossils in a definite sequence. Therefore, the same sequence can be found in rocks at other locations, and so strata from one location can be matched to strata in another location
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principle of faunal succession
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principle that says that layered rocks are deposited in continuous contact
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principle of lateral conformity
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a surface between two layers that were not laid down in an unbroken sequence; a discontinuity in stratigraphy.
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unconformity
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lower set of beds is undeformed and still horizontal
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disconformity
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lower beds are metamorphic or igneous rocks
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nonconformity
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lower beds have been upended by tectonic processes, and then eroded so they have a horizontal surface
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angular unconformity
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large igneous body formed deep within the Earth's crust
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pluton
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the largest plutons (at least 100km2
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batholiths
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smaller plutons
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stocks
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tabular, sheetlike body formed by the injection of magma between layers of rock (horizontal)
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sill
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tabular igneous bodies that cut across layers of rock (vertical)
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dike
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rock surrounding an igneous intrusion
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country rock
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the time required for half of the original number of radiocactive atoms to decay
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half-life
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