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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Each turn of the citric cycle produces...?
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2xCO2, 3xNADH, 1xFADH2 and 1xGTP
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In first stage of glycolysis...
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2xpyruvate, 2xATP and 2xNADH made from 1xglucose
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what enzymes are used for ethanol ingestion?
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alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase
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the conversion of glucose to pyruvate occurs in the?
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cytoplasm
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pyruvate kinase?
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phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate, ATP produced.
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what are the 4 stages of glucose oxidation?
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glycolysis, TCA cycle, electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation.
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in gylcolysis what steps are not reversible?
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1,3 and 10.
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what happens to pyruvate when made?
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with CoA is converted to acetyl coA, NADH and CO2
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what is CoA?
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activates acetyl groups to transfer them to other metabolites. Made up of adenosine 3'-phosphate 5' diphosphate, pantothenic acid and B-mercaptoethanol, SH.
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what are the products of the TCA cycle?
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CoA, 2xCO2, 3xNADH, FADH2 and GTP
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what happens to NADH and FADH2?
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oxidised by electron transport chain to regenerate electron acceptors NAD+ and FAD.
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what is coenzyme Q?
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a mobile electron carrier, hydrophobic used in stage 3 of glucose oxidation.
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what is cytochrome C?
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a soluble mobile electron carrier used in stage 3 of glucose oxidation.
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what are the 4 membrane bound complexes in mitochondrial membrane used to transport electrons?
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NADH dehyrogenase, ATP synthase, Cytochrome BC1 and Cytochrome oxidase. They differ in redox potentials.
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what is coenzyme Q also known as?
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ubiquinone
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what is the route of electrons in the electron transport chain?
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NADH dehydrogenase/FADH2 dehydrogenase, CoQ, cytochrome BC1, cyctochrome C, final complex cytochrome oxidase. Water is produced. Hydrogen ions pumped through each complex for each electron donated to chain, establishing the proton gradient force.
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what is the end step of oxidative phosphorylation?
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Hydrogen ions pumps though ATPsynthase, generating ATP needed for cellular activities.
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which electron carried NADH or FADH2 generates the most ATP?
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NADH, generates 3 ATP as it has a more -ve redox potential.
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how much ATP is made from one glucose in oxidation?
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36, potentially 38
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what happens to pyruvate under anaerobic conditions in a eukaryotic cell?
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converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase, producing NAD+ too.
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what will the accumulation of lactate do to the body?
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decrease PH of blood.
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what van gierkes disease?
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severe hypoglycaemia from the absence of glucose 6-phosphotase. Glycogen builds up in liver extending the abdomen.
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for step 10 of glycolysis, what happens in gluconeogenesis to overcome this irreversible step?
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pyruvate converted to oxaloacetate by pyruvate carboxylase. ADP made, CO2 lost. Then converted to phophoenolpyruvate by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase with the release of CO2 and GTP---GDP.
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for step 3 of gylcolysis, what happens in gluconeogenesis ?
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fructose 1,6-bisphosphate converted to fructose 6-phosphate by fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase, release an inorganic phosphate.
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for step 1 of gylcolysis, what happens in gluconeogenesis ?
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glucose 6 phosphate converted to glucose by glucose 6-phosphatase, release of inorganic phosphate.
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what can uncouple mitochondria?
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dinitrophenol
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what is brown adipose?
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rare fat tissue with mainly uncoupled mitochondria, so energy is converted to heat. used for thermoregulation. ATPsynthase not used.
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