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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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GLUCONEOGENESIS
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synthesis of new glucose
*making glucose from a non carbohydrate source |
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Gluconeogenesis only occurs in the _______
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liver
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In gluconeogenesis, certain amino acids are converted to
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three carbon compounds , these amino acids are glucogenic
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STORING GLUCOSE AS GLYCOGEN
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-takes place in liver and muscle tissue
synthesis of glycogen stimulated by pancreatic hormone insulin insulin released by pancreas in response to elevated blood glucose -occurs when blood glucose supply adequate |
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STORING GLUCOSE AS GLYCOGEN- synthesis of glycogen is stimulated by the ________
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-the pancreatic hormone INSULIN
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GLYCOGEN
insulin is required to stimulate glucose UTILIZATION by the _______. |
liver
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GLYCOGEN
There is one major different bw the glycogen stored in muscle and that stored in liver, bc liver glycogen can be used as ________. |
a source of blood glucose
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RETURNING GLUCOSE TO THE BLOOD
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mobilization of glycogen occurs only in the liver,
-a further drop in blood glucose level stimulates release of pancreatic hormone GLUCAGON |
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RETURNING GLUCOSE TO THE BLOOD
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Glucagon stimulates the brteakdown of liver glycogen stores
Glucose released into blood for use by tissues Muscle tissue doesnt respond |
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STORING GLUCOSE AS GLYCOGEN
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liver 1/3
muscle 2/3 |
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REGULATION OF BLOOD GLUCOSE
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hyperglycemia
hypoglycemia |
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BLOOD GLUCOSE CONTROL
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Pancreas- releases glucagon when glucose is low
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BLOOD GLUCOSE CONTROL
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Liver-removes glucose from bloodstream( response to insulin)
Releases glucose into the bloodstream (response to glucagon) Releases INSULIN WHEN GLUCOSE IS HIGH |
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Functions of Insulin
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promotes glycogen synthesis
increases glucose uptake by the cells reduceds gluconeogenesis LOWERS THE BLOOD GLUCOSE |
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FUNCTIONS OF GLUCAGON
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breakdown glycogen
enhances gluconeogenesis RAISES BLOOD GLUCOSE |
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Epinephrine/Norepinephrine
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fight or flight response
breaksdown glycogen raises blood glucose |
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CONSEQUENCES OF UNCONTROLLED BLOOD GLUCOSE
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-ketosis-leads to ion imbalances, dehydration, coma, death
-Degenerative diseases-nerve damage, heart diesease, kidney disease, blindness -atherosclerosis-increase risk for wound infections |
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SATURATED FATTY ACID STRUCTURE
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degree of saturation:single carbon bond
stearic acid 18:0 |
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MONOSATURATED FATTY ACID
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oleic acid 8:1
one double bond |
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POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID
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linoleic acid 18:2
greater than 2 double bonds |
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ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS
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body can only make double bonds after the 9th carbon from the omega end
-needed for immune function, vision, and cell membrane, and production of hormone like compounds |
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ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS (PUFA)
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Linoleic acid (18;2, OMEGA 6)-precursor of arachidonic acid 20:4
Linolenic (18:3, omega 3)- precursor of eicosapentaenoic acid 20:5, and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6) or EPA and DHA |
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ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID-OMEGA 6
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(alpha linoleic acid)
1st double bond is located on the 6th carbon from the omega end |
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OMEGA 6 FATTY ACID
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found in vegetable oils
corn oil, soybean, safflower, cottonsead, walnuts, salad dressing, mayonaisse only need 1 tablespoon a day |
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THE DIFFERENT EFFECTS
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archidonic acid (omega 6) increases blood clotting, increase inflammatory responses
-DHA, EPA (Omega 3; decrease blood clotting, reduce risk for heart attack, excess cause hemorrhagic stroke, may decrease inflammation pain with rheumatoid arthritis |
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MINIMIZE INTAKE OF TRANS FATTY ACID
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limit hydrogenated fats
limit deep fried foods limit high fat baked goods limit use of non dairy creamers |
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DIETARY LIPIDS
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triglycerides =95%
phospholipids and cholesterol 5% |
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GI PROCESSING OF FATS
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Intestinal lumen, intestinal cell, lymph or blood
or digestion, absorption, transport |
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DIGESTION OF LIPIDS
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emulsification-lipids combined with bile, access to digestive enzymes
hydrolysis-lipids acted on by digestive enzymes lecithinase-digests phospholipids |
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FIVE IMPORTANT FACTS ON BLOOD CHOLESTEROL
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blood cholesterol level influenced by genetics, exercise, medications, menopause, diet
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RISK FACTORS FOR HEART DISEASE
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family history
smoking even second hand high blood pressure high blood cholesterol >200mg high LDL cholesterol <40 mg diabetes lack of regular exercise and obesity |
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HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (HDL)
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-synthesized by liver and intestine
-high proportion of protein -picks up cholesterol from dying cells and other sources -transfers cholesterol to other lipoprotein for transport to liver for excretion -HDL can also transfer directly back to liver |
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LOWERING LDLs
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see doctor to assess other conditions
-reduce dietary saturated faty and cholesteral -replace SFA with MUFA and PUFA -increase dietary fiber (soluble) |
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BENEFITS OF A HIGH HDL LEVEL
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-remove cholesterol from blood stream
-HDL may block oxidation of LDL -reduce risk of heart disease -pre menopausal women has higher HDL |
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RAISE THE HDL
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physical activity, at least 30 min/day 7 days a week
avoid smoking eat less total fat moderate intake of alcohol increases HDL |
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DIETARY RECOMMENDATIONS
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no rda
30% or less of total calories from fat;no more than 10% from PUFA, no more than 10% from SFA current diet supplies 33% of total kcal from fat-much from animal products, whole milk, pastries, chees, margerine, mayo |
